THE CROSSLINGUISTIC STUDY OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Volume 4 This page intentionally left blank THE CROSSLINGUISTIC STUDY OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Volume 4 Edited by Dan Isaac Slobin University of California at Berkeley Up Psychology Press X Taylor &. Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON First published 1997 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Published 2014 by Psychology Press 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Psychology Press 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 2FA Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1997 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Revised for vol. 4) The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The data—v. 2. Theoretical issues—v. 3. [without special title]—v. 4. [without special title] —v. 5. Expanding the contexts. 1. Language acquisition. I. Slobin, Dan Isaac, 1939- . P118.C69 1985 40L.93 85-27411 ISBN 13: 978-0-805-80106-4 (hbk) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent. Contents Format and Abbreviations for Glosses vii Preface xi Contributors xv 1 Issues in the Acquisition of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian: A Crosslinguistic Comparison 1 Lisa Dasinger 2 The Acquisition of Finnish 87 Jorma Toivainen 3 The Acquisition of Greek 183 Ursula Stephany 4 The Acquisition of Korean 335 Young-joo Kim Author Index 445 Subject Index 449 v This page intentionally left blank Format and Abbreviations for Glosses1 All foreign language examples are given in Italics. (Small caps are used for emphasis and other usual functions of Italics.) In running text, English glosses and grammatical codes are given in single quotes, and optional free translations follow in parentheses, indicated by an equal sign. Grammatical codes are always given in capital letters (see list, below). For example: gel-me-di-n ‘come-NEG-PAST-2SG’ (= you didn’t come). In interlinear format, translation equivalents appear below the foreign language example and the free translation is placed below in single quotes: gel-me-di-n come-NEG-PAST-2SG ‘you didn’t come’ Hyphens in a morphological gloss always correspond to hyphens in the foreign example. If part of a foreign example corresponds to more than one grammat­ ical code, the collection of codes is joined by colons; e.g., gel-medin ‘come- NEG:PAST:2SG\ or even gelmedin ‘come:NEG:PAST:2SG\ If it is relevant to indicate the possibility of segmentation, plus signs can be used in place of colons. The preceding example consists of segmentable morphemes, and could also be glossed, for example, as gel-medin ‘come-NEG+PAST+2SG’. Use of colons is neutral with regard to the possibility of segmentation, and in most instances either colons or hyphens are used. (The degree of precision of segmentation and glossing of an example, of course, depends on the role it plays in the exposition.) lrThe abbreviations are adapted from a list used by Bernard Comrie (The languages of the Soviet Union, Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. xv). The format is based on useful suggestions offered by Christian Lehmann in “Guidelines for interlinear morphemic translations: A proposal for a standardization” (Institut fiir Sprachwissenschaft, Universitat Koln, Arbeitspapier Nr. 37, 1980). The system presented here is offered as a proposal for standardization in child language studies. vii viii Format and Abbreviations for Glosses If a single lexical item in the original is expressed by several lexical items in a gloss, those items are separated by a period; e.g., hipil ‘made.fall’, kalk ‘get.up’. A period is also used when the name of a grammatical element consists of more than one item; e.g., DEF.ART = definite article. Combining the princi­ ples for use of colons and periods in grammatical codes, consider the gloss for the German definite article in its masculine singular accusative form: den ‘DEF.ART :MASC:SG: ACC’. LIST OF GRAMMATICAL CODES 1 First Person COMPL Completive 2 Second Person CONC Concessive 3 Third Person COND Conditional ABESS Abessive (‘without X’) CONJ Conjunction ABL Ablative (‘from X’) CONN Connective ABS Absolutive CONSEC Consecutive ACC Accusative CONT Continuous, Continuative ACT Active CONTEMP Contemporative ADESS Adessive (‘towards X’) COP Copula ADJ Adjective, Adjectival DAT Dative ADMON Admonitive DECL Declarative ADV Adverb(ial) DEF Definite AFFIRM Affirmative DEICT Deictic AGR Agreement DEM Demonstrative AGENT Agent DER Derived, Derivation ALLAT Allative (‘to(wards) X’) DESID Desiderative AN Animate DIM Diminutive ANTI Antipassive DIREC Directional AORIST Aorist DO Direct Object APL Applicative DU Dual ART Article DYN Dynamic (Nonstative) ASP Aspect ELAT Elative (‘out of X’) AUG Augmentative EMPH Emphatic AUX Auxiliary EQU Equative BEN Benefactive ERG Ergative BT Baby Talk ESS Essive (‘as X’) C Consonant EVID Evidential CAUS Causative EXCL Exclusive CL Clitic EXCLAM Exclamatory CLASS Classifier EXIS Existential CMPLR Complementizer EXP Experiential CNTR Contrastive EXT Extension COMIT Comitative (‘(together) with X’) FACT Factive COMM Common FEM Feminine COMPAR Comparative FIN Finite Format and Abbreviations for Glosses FOC Focus PAST Past FUT Future PAT Patient GEN Genitive PERF Perfect HAB Habitual PERS Personal HABIT A Habitative PFV Perfective HON Honorific PL Plural HUM Human POL Polite ILL Illative (‘into X’) POSS Possessive IMP Imperative POST Postposition INAN Inanimate POT Potential INCH Inchoative PP Past Participle INCL Inclusive PRE Prefix INCOMPL Incompletive PREP Preposition INDEF Indefinite PRES Present INDIC Indicative PRESUM Presumptive INESS Inessive (‘in X’) PRET Preterite INF Infinitive PRO Pronoun INFER Inferential PROG Progressive INSTR Instrumental PROL Prolative (‘along X’) INT Interrogative PROLOC Prolocative INTENT Intentive PTL Particle INTERJ Interjection PURP Purposive INTRANS Intransitive PVB Preverb 10 Indirect Object Q Question IPFV Imperfective QUANT Quantifier IRR Irrealis QUOT Quotative ITER Iterative RC Relative Clause LOC Locative RECENT Recent MASC Masculine RECIP Reciprocal MKR Marker REFL Reflexive MOD Modal REL Relative N Noun REM Remote NEG Negative REPET Repetition NEUT Neuter REPORT Reportative NEUTRAL Neutral RES Resultative NOM Nominative SG Singular NOML Nominal SIMUL Simultaneous NONPAST Non-past STAT Stative NONVIR Non-virile SUBJ Subject NUM Numeral, Numeric SUBJV Subjunctive OBJ Object SUBL Sublative (‘onto X’) OBL Oblique SUFF Suffix OBLIG Obligatory SUPER Superessive (‘on X’) OPT Optative SUPERL Superlative PART Participle TAGQ Tag Question PARTIT Partitive TAX Taxis PASS Passive TEMP Temporal