The Crisis of Global Youth Unemployment Since the economic and financial crisis of 2008, the proportion of unemployed young people has exceeded any other group of unemployed adults. This phenom- enonmarkstheemergence ofalaborscape.Thisconceptrecognizesthat,although youthunemploymentisnotconsistentacrosstheworld,itisacoherentproblemin the global political economy. Thisbookexaminesthiscrisisofyouthunemployment,drawingoninternational case studies. It is organized around four key dimensions of the crisis: precarity, flexibility,migration,andpolicyresponses.Withcontributionsfromleadingexperts inthefield,thechaptersofferadynamicportraitofunemploymentandhowthisis being challenged through new modes of resistance. This book provides cross- national comparisons, both ethnographic and quantitative, to explore the contours ofthislaborscapeontheglobal,national,andlocalscales.Throughoutthesevaried casestudies is a common narrative fromyoung workers, families,students,volun- teers,andactivistsfacinganewandgrowingproblem. This book will be an imperative resource for students and researchers looking at the sociology of globalization, global political economy, labor markets, and economic geography. Tamar Mayer is the Robert R. Churchill Professor of Geosciences and Director of both the Rohatyn Center for Global Affairs and the International and Global Studies Program at Middlebury College, USA. Sujata Moorti is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies at Middlebury College, USA. Jamie K. McCallum is an associate professor of Sociology at Middlebury College, USA. Routledge Studies in Human Geography This series provides a forum for innovative, vibrant, and critical debate within human geography. Titles will reflect the wealth of research which is taking place in this diverse and ever-expanding field. Contributions will be drawn from the main sub-disciplines andfrominnovative areasofworkwhichhaveno particular sub-disciplinary allegiances. Geographical Gerontology Edited by Mark Skinner, Gavin Andrews, and Malcolm Cutchin New Geographies of the Globalized World Edited by Marcin Wojciech Solarz Creative Placemaking Research, Theory, and Practice Edited by Cara Courage and Anita McKeown Living with the Sea Knowledge, Awareness, and Action Edited by Mike Brown and Kimberley Peters Time Geography in the Global Context An Anthology Edited by Kajsa Ellegård Space, Grief, and Bereavement Consolationscapes Edited by Christoph Jedan, Avril Maddrell, and Eric Venbrux The Crisis of Global Youth Unemployment Edited by Tamar Mayer, Sujata Moorti, and Jamie K. McCallum Formoreinformationaboutthisseries,pleasevisit:www.routledge.com/Routledge- Studies-in-Human-Geography/book-series/SE0514 The Crisis of Global Youth Unemployment Edited by Tamar Mayer, Sujata Moorti, and Jamie K. 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For Robert E. “Bob” Prasch III 1959–2015 This page intentionally left blank Contents Listoffigures ix Listoftables x Listofcontributors xi Acknowledgements xiv 1 Globallaborscapesofyouthunemployment:Introduction 1 TAMARMAYER,SUJATAMOORTI,ANDJAMIEK.MCCALLUM 2 Youthunemploymentandunnecessaryintergenerationalconflict 23 MARCELLUSANDREWSANDROBERTPRASCH 3 PrecarityinJapan:Afterthe“LostDecade” 38 HEIDIGOTTFRIED 4 Youth“volunteers,”unemployment,andinternationalactionin Pakistan’shealthsector:“Ineedmoney,that’stheonlyreasonIdoit” 57 SVEACLOSSER 5 Dealingwithjoblessness:Youngpeople’slifetrajectorythrough “non-work”activitiesinBuenosAires,Argentina 76 MARIANOD.PERELMAN 6 Contrastingdiscoursessurroundinggenderedrepresentationsofyoung migrantsnegotiatingforworkontheSouthAfricanborder 90 STANFORDT.MAHATI 7 TheriseoftheJ-1SummerWorkTravelprogramanditsrhetorical linkstoUSyouthunemployment 105 CATHERINEBOWMAN viii Contents 8 Irishyouthunemploymentandemigration,2009–2014 123 ELEANORO’LEARYANDDIANENEGRA 9 Youthunemployment,neoliberalreforms,andemigrationin WestAfrica 140 ANGEBERGSONLENDJANGNEMZUÉANDTAMARMAYER 10 Sittingamidapileofjewels:Youthunemploymentandwaste recyclinginChina 156 CARLOINVERARDI-FERRI 11 TheyouthwagesubsidyinSouthAfrica:Acontroversialproposal torespondtomassyouthunemployment 168 CRISPENCHINGUNO 12 TherighttoworkandtheyouthunemploymentcrisisinSpain 181 CIROMILIONE 13 Badschools,nojobs,fulljails:Massincarcerationandamonumental incentivefailure 193 MARCELLUSANDREWS Index 203 Figures 2.1 USunemploymentratesbyage(1948–2008) 26 2.2 Aggregatedemandandtheagestructureofemployment 35 5.1 Youthandadultunemployment(1991–2003) 80 7.1 SWTprogramannualenrollment(1996–2015) 113 8.1 Absentmembersofthe2005Carna-Caisealteam 133 8.2 OntheDáilqueue 135 11.1 RaceandyouthunemploymentinSouthAfrica 173