The Country of Football SOCCER AND THE MAKING OF MODERN BRAZIL Roger Kittleson UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Fletcher Jones Foundation Humanities Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation. The Country of Football sport in world history Edited by Susan Brownell, Robert Edelman, Wayne Wilson, and Christopher Young Th is University of California Press series explores the story of modern sport from its recognized beginnings in the nineteenth century to the current day. Th e books present to a wide readership the best new scholarship connecting sport with broad trends in global history. Th e series delves into sport’s intriguing relationship with political and social power, while also capturing the enthusiasm for the subject that makes it so powerful. 1. Empire in Waves: A Political History of Surfi ng, by Scott Laderman 2. Country of Football: Soccer and the Making of Modern Brazil, by Roger Kittleson The Country of Football SOCCER AND THE MAKING OF MODERN BRAZIL Roger Kittleson UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2014 by Th e Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kittleson, Roger Alan. Th e country of football : soccer and the making of modern Brazil / Roger Kittleson. pages cm.—(Sport in world history; 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-520-27908-7 (hardback) — isbn 978-0-520-27909-4 (pbk) — isbn 978-0-520-95825-8 (ebook) 1. Soccer—Brazil—History. 2. Soccer players—Brazil—History. 3. Brazil—Social life and customs. I. Title. GV944.B7K57 2014 796.3340981—dc23 2013046594 Manufactured in the United States of America 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Natures Natural, a fi ber that contains 30% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48–1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). For Zayde CONTENTS List of Illustrations i x Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Serious Play 1 1 (cid:129) A National Game: Futebol Made Popular, Professional, and Afro-Brazilian 12 2 (cid:129) When It was Good to be Brazilian: Tropical Modernity Affi rmed, 1958–70 53 3 (cid:129) Playing Modern: Effi ciency over Art, 1971–80 93 4 (cid:129) Risky Beauty: Art and the Opening of Brazil in the 1980s 130 5 (cid:129) Th e Business of Winning: Brand Brazil and the New Globalism, 1990–2010 165 Conclusion: Mega-Brazil 212 Notes 227 Works Cited 287 Index 313