The Correlation between Negative Strategies and Basic Word Order By Mohammed Alluhaybi A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2014 by Mohammed Alluhaybi i   Thesis advisor Author Dr. Lorna MacDonald Mohammed Alluhaybi The Correlation between Negative Strategies and Basic Word Order Abstract Based on two typological frameworks (Dahl, 1979 and Miestamo, 2007), I explore the various strategies used to negate declarative verbal main clauses (standard negation) in 28 languages in order to investigate the correlation between them and basic word order. The 28 languages are divided into three groups according to their basic word order as follows: 11 SOV, 10 SVO and 7 VSO. As much as possible, I have included languages from different language families and different geographical areas in order to eliminate the effect of genetic relationships and borrowings. The results suggest that negative strategies are probably morphological, where the negator is an affix, in SOV languages and frequently syntactic, where the negator is an independent morpheme, in SVO and VSO languages. I also show that symmetric negation, where no structural differences are observed between affirmatives and negatives other than the negative marker (s), is the most common type cross-linguistically. ii   Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to start by saying “Thank You Allah”. Thank You for everything You have given me. Thank You for giving me the ability and the strength to be able to think, search and analyze in order to finish my thesis. Thank You for being always with me in both my difficult and happy times. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor Dr. Lorna MacDonald for her support, encouragement and guidance during my study in the University of Manitoba. I would also like to express my deepest gratitude for her patience and kindness. In addition, I would like to extend my thanks to every professor and every graduate student in the Department of Linguistics for creating this great environment for students. Special thanks to my mother “Amnah Alansari” for making me always feel special, to my wife “Maram” for being always patient and supportive and to my lovely son “Tameem” for giving me the pleasure of being a father. I also would like to thank my best friends “Osama Alsuhaumi, Osama Algamdi, Yahya Aljohani, Eid Albulawi, Mutasim Al-Deaibes and Omar Alhazmi” for their support, help and for sharing their unforgettable memories with me. Finally, I thank my government for financing my study here in Canada. I also thank Canadian people for making Canada such a wonderful place for international students. iii   This thesis is dedicated to the soul of my father “Muqbil Alluhaybi”. I know you would be proud of me now. iv   Table of Contents Abstract  .............................................................................................................................  i   Acknowledgements  ...........................................................................................................  ii   Dedication  .......................................................................................................................  iii   Table  of  Contents  .............................................................................................................  iv   List  of  Figures  ..................................................................................................................  vii   List  of  Tables  ...................................................................................................................  viii   Abbreviation  .....................................................................................................................  x   1.  Introduction  ..................................................................................................................  1   1.1. Typology of standard negation  ...........................................................................................  1   1.2. Typology of basic word order  ..........................................................................................  10   2.  Methodology  and  Research  questions  .........................................................................  15   3.  Data  analysis  ...............................................................................................................  19   3.1 SOV Languages  .................................................................................................................  19   3.1.1 Japanese – Japanese family (Nyberg, 2012)  .......................................................................  19   3.1.2 Turkish – Turkic language / Altaic family (Schaaik, 1994)  ...............................................  21   3.1.3 Amharic – Semitic language / Afro-Asiatic family (Leslau, 1995)  ....................................  24   3.1.4 Persian – Iranian language / Indo-European family (Kwak, 2010)  ....................................  26   3.1.5 Dime – South-Omotic language / Afro-asiatic family (Seyoum, 2008)  .............................  28   3.1.6 Desano – Tucanoan family (Miller, 1999)  .........................................................................  30   3.1.7 Kham – Tiboto-Burman language / Sino-Tibtan family (Watters, 2002)  ...........................  32   3.1.8 Tauya – Madang language / Trans New Guinea family (MacDonald, 1990)  .....................  33 v   3.1.9 Northern Mansi – Ugric language / Uralic family (LMU, 2013)  ........................................  34   3.1.10 Maithili – Indo-Aryan language / Indo- European family (Yadav, 1996)  ........................  36   3.1.11. Western Shoshoni – Cenrtal Numic language / Uto-Aztecan family (Crum & Dayley, 1993)  ..................................................................................................................................................  37   3.1.12 Negation in SOV languages  .............................................................................................  39   3.2 SVO Languages  .................................................................................................................  42   3.2.1 Swahili – Bantoid language / Niger-Congo family (Ngongani, 2001)  ...............................  42   3.2.2 Mocovi / Guaicuruan family (Grondona, 1998)  .................................................................  44   3.2.3 Neve’ei – Oceanic language / Austronesian family (Musgrave, 2007)  ..............................  45   3.2.4 Moskona - East Bird’s Head family (Gravelle, 2010)  ........................................................  47   3.2.5 Jahai – Aslian language / Mon-Khmer language family (Burenhult, 2005)  .......................  49   3.2.6 English – Germanic language / Indo-European family  ......................................................  51   3.2.7 Russian – Slavic language / Indo-European family  ............................................................  53   3.2.8 Lango – Nilotic language / Nilo-Saharan family (Noonan, 1992)  ......................................  54   3.2.9 Tetun Dili – Central Malayo-Polynesian language / Austronesian family (Klinken, Hajek, Nordlinger, 2002)  ..............................................................................................................................  55   3.2.10 Kokama-Kokamilla - Tupi–Guarani language / Tupian family (Yopan, 2010)  ................  57   3.2.11 Negation in SVO languages  .............................................................................................  58   3.3 VSO languages  ..................................................................................................................  61   3.3.1 San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec – Otomanguean family (Broadwell, 2011)  ......................  61   3.3.2 Saudi Arabic – Semitic language / Afro-Asiatic family  .....................................................  62   3.3.3 Welsh – Celtic language / Indo-European family (MacAulay, 1992)  ................................  64   3.3.4 Hdi – Biu-Mandara language / Afro-Asiatic family (Frajzyngier, 2002)  ...........................  65   3.3.5 Musqueam – Salishan family (Suttles, 2004)  .....................................................................  67   3.3.6 Dupaningan Agta –Philippine language / Austronesian family (Robinson, 2008)  .............  69 vi   3.3.7 Mam - Mayan family (England, 1983)  ..............................................................................  70   3.3.8 Negation in VSO languages  ...............................................................................................  72   4.  Results  and  discussion  .................................................................................................  75   4.1 Word order and morphological vs. syntactic negation  .....................................................  75   4.2 Word order and symmetric vs asymmetric negative construction  ....................................  81   5.  Conclusion  ...................................................................................................................  86   References  ......................................................................................................................  88 vii   List of Figures   Map 1: Languages included in the study………………………………………………………...xii viii   List of Tables Table (1): The placement of adjective and genitives .................................................................... 14 Table (2): Languages and their genetic affiliation ....................................................................... 17 Table (3): SN in Japanese ............................................................................................................ 21 Table (4): SN in Turkish ............................................................................................................... 24 Table (5): SN in Amharic ............................................................................................................. 26 Table (6): SN in Persian ............................................................................................................... 28 Table (7): SN in Dime ................................................................................................................... 30 Table (8): SN in Desano ............................................................................................................... 32 Table (9): SN in Kham .................................................................................................................. 33 Table (10): SN in Tauya ................................................................................................................ 34 Table (11): SN in Mansi ................................................................................................................ 36 Table (12): SN in Maithili ............................................................................................................. 37 Table (13): SN in Western Shoshoni ............................................................................................. 39 Table (14): SN in SOV languages ................................................................................................. 41 Table (15): SN in Swahili .............................................................................................................. 44 Table (16): SN in Mocovi .............................................................................................................. 45 Table (17): SN in Neve’ei ............................................................................................................. 47 Table (18): SN in Moskona ........................................................................................................... 49 Table (19): SN in Jahai ................................................................................................................. 51 Table (20): SN in English ............................................................................................................. 52 Table (21): SN in Russian ............................................................................................................. 54 Table (22): SN in Lango ............................................................................................................... 55 ix   Table (23): SN in Tetun Dili ......................................................................................................... 57 Table (24): SN in Kokama-Kokamilla .......................................................................................... 58 Table (25): SN in SVO languages ................................................................................................. 60 Table (26): SN in San Dionisio Ocotepec Zapotec ....................................................................... 62 Table (27): SN in Saudi Arabic ..................................................................................................... 63 Table (28): SN in Welsh ................................................................................................................ 65 Table (29): SN in Hdi .................................................................................................................... 67 Table (30): SN in Musqueam ........................................................................................................ 69 Table (31): SN in Dupaningan Agta ............................................................................................. 70 Table (32): SN in Mam ................................................................................................................. 72 Table (33): SN in VSO languages ................................................................................................. 74 Table (34): Morphological negation and Word order .................................................................. 76 Table (35): Syntactic negation and word order ............................................................................ 77 Table (36): Negators ..................................................................................................................... 78 Table (37): Morphology and word order ...................................................................................... 80 Table (38): Negative construction and word order ...................................................................... 82