Forschungen zum Alten Testament 2.Reihe Herausgegeben von Konrad Schmid (Zürich) · Mark S.Smith (Princeton) Hermann Spieckermann (Göttingen) 95 Matthew C.Genung The Composition of Genesis 37 Incoherence and Meaning in the Exposition of the Joseph Story Mohr Siebeck Matthew C.Genung, born 1972; 1994 B.S. from Boston College; 2007 S.T.B. from the Pontifical Gregorian University; 2016 S.S.D. from the Pontifical Biblical Institute; 2011–16 Visiting Scholar at Boston College; since 2016 Associate Professor of Biblical Studies at The Athenaeum of Ohio. ISBN 78-3-16-155150-5 ISSN 1611-4914 (Forschungen zum Alten Testament, 2.Reihe) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra- phie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2017 by Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, Germany. www.mohr.de This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproduc- tions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Laupp & Göbel in Gomaringen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Nädele in Nehren. Printed in Germany. To Cristina Giulia, Sophia, Andrew, Elizabeth, Anna Charles and Nancy Xavier† and Aurora with love and gratitude. Foreword “It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts” (Conan Doyle, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: “A Scandal in Bohemia”). This simple rule of judicial investigation can easily apply to the case presented at the be- ginning of the Joseph Story which, as a matter of fact, offers any curious reader much to think about. Actually, many questions come across the readers’ mind when they dis- cover the empty pit with Reuben (Gen 37,29). Where is Joseph? Did some- body kidnap him? Or, was Joseph not sold to the Ishmaelites, as it had been planned by Judah (37,26–27; cf. 37,28)? Where was Reuben during this bar- gaining and why does he go back to the pit? Does he not know that Joseph had been sold by the brothers? And why do Midianites appear on the stage, all of a sudden, at this crucial moment (37,28)? The main question, however, is not so much about the identity of those re- sponsible for abducting Joseph to Egypt, either the Midianites (37,36) or the Ishmaelites (39,1), or whether Joseph was sold or kidnapped, but about who wrote such a confusing report of the facts. And what was the writer’s inten- tion? Whom does he want to deceive? Whom does he want to cover up? Is this narrator reliable or is he as unreliable as the narrator of The Murder of Roger Ackroyd by Agatha Christie? Who will profit by such a strange ac- count in which a crime is planned (37,18), a father is convinced later by his sons that there is a casualty (37,31–35), but nobody seems to be the culprit, since they accuse a wild animal (37,33) and the corpus delicti is nowhere to be found? On the other hand, why is the reader informed of what Reuben, the firstborn, seems to ignore, namely that Joseph is alive and is brought to Egypt (37,36)? We have in this chapter of the Book of Genesis all the ingredients to write a thrilling detective story. Matthew Genung’s thesis endeavors to untangle all the knots of this chapter that attracted attention as soon as the critical study of biblical texts started. It has also been the object of several, and contradictory, studies in recent years. Some among them, however, suffer from the defect identified earlier by Sherlock Holmes: a theory precedes and guides the in- VIII Foreword vestigation. That was already the case with Julius Wellhausen, in a famous paragraph where he stated that the validity of his theory, the documentary hypothesis, depended entirely on his capacity to demonstrate its soundness in 1 the Joseph Story . Wellhausen succeeded, of course, but his success was a kind of Pyrrhic victory that proved unconvincing for many. Matthew Genung preferred to start the investigation afresh and to follow Sherlock Holmes’ advice: “Data! Data! Data! […] I can’t make bricks with- out clay” (Conan Doyle, The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: “The Adven- ture of the Copper Beeches”). In his monograph, he presents the conclusions of his inquiry and pleads for a revision of several sentences delivered in the past. The reading of the acts of a trial may sometimes be demanding, but this effort is also rewarding. A lawyer should convince the court, he or she has to provide the board with all the available evidence, he or she has to listen to all the witnesses and to answer the objections raised by his or her opponents. This is what Matthew Genung undertakes in his study. The reader is therefore invited to read with attention his plea for a new perspective and some new conclusions about this well-known case. After a long journey through all the data of the investigation, everyone will be able, I think, to form a personal and well-informed judgment on chapter 37 of the Book of Genesis. This is one, and not the least, merit of this painstaking and rigorous study. Jean Louis Ska March 2017 1 JULIUS WELLHAUSEN, Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments (Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1876–78; 1885; Berlin: de Gruyter, 1963) 52: “Es ist zu vermuten, dass dies Werk [Genesis 37–50] hier wie sonst aus J und E zusam- mengesetzt sei; unsere früheren Ergebnisse drängen auf diese Annahme und würden er- schüttert werden, wäre sie nicht erweisbar.” Preface With the sale of his beloved son into slavery, the foundation for Israel’s de- scent into Egypt is laid, the ramifications of which reach well beyond the confines of the Joseph Story and in fact reverberate throughout the entire Bi- ble. Yet Genesis 37 recounts even more than this pivotal moment in the life of Israel. On the one hand this chapter of the Bible presents one of the more difficult texts to interpret, which explains why it has proved to be somewhat of a battleground in biblical exegesis. Consequently, a thorough study of Genesis 37 also reveals many moments in the rich history of the interpreta- tion of the Pentateuch. On the other hand, this chapter offers a spectacular opportunity to peer beyond the letter and to perceive the fire animating the crucible of its compositional history. Such a gaze offers not least an explana- tion for the difficulties and contradictions narrated in the immediate text, which is to apprehend meaning in what may seem to be the incoherent by- product of the faithful scribe, but also an impetus and methodology which can aid in understanding other biblical texts. The nature of the text itself, its interpretative difficulties, ensuing ques- tions, and the principal theories proposed throughout the history of its inter- pretation are the vectors of the heuristic used in this study which aims to pro- vide a fresh and, hopefully, compelling exegesis of Genesis 37 that accounts for its inherent tensions and at the same time remains internally coherent. The first task, undertaken in chapter one, is to present a study of the history of in- terpretation of Genesis 37, which at once demonstrates the interpretative problems, surveys the most important solutions and exegetical methods brought to bear upon them, and culminates in the status quaestionis. This leads to the second task, a literary analysis of the biblical chapter, passage by passage, guided by its multiple interpretative problems, in conjunction with an analysis of the principal solutions proposed in its exegetical history. This task is carried out in chapters two through five, each of which treats a particu- lar passage in detail, and concludes with a provisional proposal based upon the cumulative results of the analysis. The final task, presented in chapter six, is to offer a synthesis of these results, which explains Genesis 37 as a compo-