PRIMARY SOURCE READERS The Cold War TCM10672 Wendy Conklin Quality Resources for Every Classroom Instant Delivery 24 Hours a Day Thank you for purchasing the following e-book –another quality product from Teacher Created Materials Publishing For more information or to purchase additional books and materials, please visit our website at: www.tcmpub.com For further information about our products and services, please e-mail us at: [email protected] To receive special offers via e-mail, please join our mailing list at: www.tcmpub.com/emailOffers 5301 Oceanus Drive Huntington Beach, CA 92649-1030 800.858.7339 FAX 714.230.7070 www.tcmpub.com The Cold War Wendy Conklin, M.A. Table of Contents What Is a Cold War? .................................................... 4–5 Very Different Ideas ..................................................... 6–7 Curtains, Doctrines, and Plans ..................................... 8–9 Publishing Credits The Berlin Wall .........................................................10–11 The Korean War .......................................................12–13 Historical Consultant Shannon C. McCutchen Secrets and Spies .......................................................14–15 Editor Torrey Maloof Witch Hunts and Fear ..............................................16–17 Editorial Director Emily R. Smith, M.A.Ed. Nuclear Alarm ..........................................................18–19 Editor-in-Chief Sharon Coan, M.S.Ed. Racing to Space ........................................................20–21 Creative Director Lee Aucoin A Crisis in Cuba .......................................................22–23 Illustration Manager Timothy J. Bradley The Confl ict in Vietnam ............................................24–25 Publisher Rachelle Cracchiolo, M.S.Ed. Two Big Men ............................................................26–27 The End of the Cold War .........................................28–29 Glossary.........................................................................30 Index ..............................................................................31 Teacher Created Materials Publishing Image Credits .................................................................32 5301 Oceanus Drive Huntington Beach, CA 92649-1030 http://www.tcmpub.com ISBN 978-0-7439-0672-2 © 2008 Teacher Created Materials Publishing 2 3 This rocket launcher is mounted on an What Is a Cold War? armored truck. During the 1900s, countries around the world fought an unusual Have you ever wondered what a cold war. This war lasted for more than 40 long years. It was unusual war was? A cold war is the opposite of a for a couple key reasons. First of all, this war had an unusual name. hot war. Hot wars are full-blown wars with The world called it the Cold War. Second, it was not like any war the battles and full militaries involved. Both world had seen before. It was a battle between the East and the West, world wars are considered hot wars. A cold The Arms Race but they fi red no shots. Instead, they fought with spies, space trips, war is a war without battles. Cold wars are The aarrmmss rraaccee was not about sports, threats, the press, and by storing up weapons. Both sides tried fought with words and threats. This is what arms on a body. This type of to show off so they could say they were stronger than the other. happened in the world not too long ago. arms means the same thing as weapons. During the Cold War, the world watched in fear as both sides made more and more nuclear (NOO-klee-uhr) weapons. Friends Before, Friends No More The East and West had been friends during World War II. They fought against the Nazis and won together. After the war, they became enemies. The major countries in the West included the Western Bloc Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Eastern Bloc United States, Great Britain, Japan, Canada, and France. The East mainly referred to countries controlled This map shows how the world looked The world changed quite a bit during or supported by the from the end of World War II to 1959. the last 30 years of the Cold War. Soviet Union. 4 5 Very Different Ideas Karl Marx It all began with two countries. The owns all the land. All land and jobs are shared equally. No one United States of America was one of them. has more than anyone else. The United States follows ccaappiittaalliissmm The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (KAP-uh-tuhl-iz-uhm). Capitalism allows people to own was the other. This country is also known businesses. Instead of working for the government, people as the Soviet Union or the USSR. The can work for themselves. In a capitalist country, there is often world called both countries superpowers a wide gap between the rich people and the poor people. because they were strong countries. Leaders in both of these countries thought their ideas on The leaders of the two governments government and economics were right. They were afraid the did not agree on how to run a country. other country wanted to destroy their way of life. As a result, The Soviet Union had a ttoottaalliittaarriiaann these superpowers did not trust each other. (toh-tah-luh-TAIR-ee-uhn) government. Communism’s This meant that the leaders were in complete The red star soon came to Beginnings control. People living there were not free symbolize communism. In Karl Marx was the father of to do what they wanted. The United States the Soviet Union, it could be communism. He believed has a ddeemmooccrraaccyy (dih-MAH-kruh-see). seen on buildings, planes, and everyone should have the military uniforms. A democracy puts the power into the same amount of money and hands of the people. The cciittiizzeennss control land. He thought everyone would work hard for the the government by electing the leaders. government in return. People can speak their minds and control their own lives. Opposites Do The United States and the Soviet Union Not Attract had different eeccoonnoommiicc (eh-kuh-NAH-mik) Communism and capitalism are ideas, too. The Soviet Union followed opposite ideas. So are totalitarian ccoommmmuunniissmm (KAHM-yuh-nih-zuhm). and democratic governments. In a Communist economy, the government It would be hard to imagine that these opposites could live together controls all businesses. The government also in harmony. 6 7 Curtains, Doctrines, and Plans Taking Sides During World War II, the The many small countries in Eastern German Nazis had invaded the Europe were no match for the Soviet The United States found allies in Western Europe to join them Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin was Union. Still, they tried to fi ght the growth as they fought communism. the Soviet leader. He did not want of communism. To win this battle against This group of allies was called his country to be invaded ever communism, they needed money. Two the North Atlantic Treaty again. So, he set up Communist countries that fought the USSR were Greece Organization, or NATO. The leaders in the small countries and Turkey. President Harry S. Truman Soviet Union’s allies included countries in Eastern Europe. around his borders. created the Truman Doctrine. This plan They were the Warsaw Pact. At that time, Winston Churchill provided money for Greece and Turkey. That was the leader of Great Britain. way, they could buy weapons and supplies. Communism and Stalin’s actions in Eastern Europe Free Speech worried him. In 1946, Churchill Communist governments spoke about communism at a small controlled their media. college. He said an “iron curtain” Churchill’s iron curtain speech was not heard or had divided the East from the West. published in the Soviet He meant that Stalin was forcing Union until 1998. This other countries to be like the Soviet explains why people said Union. Many historians say the Joseph Stalin led the the Soviets were behind Communist Soviet Union. Cold War began the day Churchill an “iron curtain.” gave this iron curtain speech. After World War II, Europe was a mess. Factories were ruined, and there was not enough food to eat. So, the United States set up a program to help rebuild Europe. They called it the Marshall Winston Churchill Plan. As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States sent money led Great Britain to Europe. All countries who wanted help received aid. Stalin felt at the beginning this aid would spread capitalism. So, the Soviet Union and other of the Cold War. Communist countries did not take part in this plan. 8 9 The Berlin Wall Germany was in bad shape after World By 1948, the Soviets and Americans could not agree on how to merge War II. To help rebuild the country, Berlin. The Soviets blocked the road that led into West Berlin for one Germany was divided into sections. The whole year. The West had to aaiirrlliifftt supplies into their part of the city. Soviets controlled East Germany. France, Some people living in East Berlin escaped Soviet rule. They slipped Great Britain, and the United States across the dividing line into West Berlin. There they had more freedom. controlled West Germany. The Soviets felt they had to stop their people from leaving. Germany’s capital, Berlin, lay in the So, in 1961, the Soviets built a wall around West Berlin. The world Soviet section of the country. Berlin was called it the Berlin Wall. For more than 25 years, that wall stood as a divided as well. The Soviets took charge visible reminder that the world was fi ghting the Cold War. of East Berlin. France, Great Britain, and In November 1989, the United States controlled West Berlin. it was announced that West Berlin was an island in the middle of people living in East Building the Wall Soviet-controlled Germany. Berlin could travel to The Berlin Wall was begun West Berlin. People at midnight on August 13, West Berlin East Berlin tore down the Berlin 1961. Troops of the East German army fi rst built fences Wall with their bare to separate the city. Later, (cid:39)(cid:83)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:73) hands, ropes, and massive walls and trenches (cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:83) sledgehammers. were built to keep people from fl eeing to the West. (cid:52)(cid:80)(cid:87)(cid:74)(cid:70)(cid:85) (cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:77)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:73) (cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:83) (cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:83) The Berlin Airlift Pilots dropping food into (cid:34)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:66)(cid:79) West Berlin during that year (cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:83) saw many children. They took A man uses a candy from their own food sledgehammer to rations and dropped it for (cid:35)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:77)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:56)(cid:66)(cid:77)(cid:77) help break down the the children to enjoy. Berlin Wall in 1989. This graphic shows how the Berlin Wall was built around West Berlin. It kept the East Berliners from escaping into the sectors controlled by the West. 10 11 The Korean War Fighting Korea (kuh-REE-uh) was divided into two parts at the end Through Others of World War II. It was separated at the 38th parallel. The There was never a military war original plan was to rejoin the nation and let the citizens vote directly between the Soviet Union for new leaders. This never happened. The United States and the United States during the supported the South. They wanted to set up a capitalist Cold War. Instead, they fought country. The Soviet Union backed the North and its each other indirectly. Each country helped a diff erent side Communist leader. Eventually, fi ghting broke out at the in Korea, Vietnam (vee-uht- 38th parallel. The South Koreans started the fi ghting. NAM), and Afghanistan (af- Then, on June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. GAN-uh-stan). The North had plenty of tanks and guns from the Soviet Union. China secretly decided to help them fi ght the war, too. No Signature General Douglas MacArthur (far right) and Chinese leaders wanted to protect their own Communist from the South other offi cers at the front line in Korea. government. The North began to win. Then, they captured the capital South Korea refused to city of South Korea, Seoul (SOHL). sign the peace armistice. It was signed by the United At that point, the United States rushed in to help the South. General States, the United Nations, Douglas MacArthur led the troops. He pushed the North back across North Korea, and China. the 38th parallel. The North pushed south and recaptured the capital. The fi ghting went back and forth for a while with no clear winner. Communist China The United States worried that this could turn into a third world war. In 1949, Mao Tse-tung 38th Parallel On July 27, 1953, an armistice (ARE-muhs-tuhs) was signed. This (MAU-zuh-DUNG) was the document stopped the new Communist leader of the People’s Republic fi ghting. This was the Mao Tse-tung of China. He ruled for 27 fi rst time the United and China years. He thought that States did not win a helped North if his people just worked war it was fi ghting. Korea during hard enough, they the Korean could overtake The Korean War. the West. peninsula 12 13 Secrets and Spies The Cold War was a time of many The investigation led the FBI to a man and woman. Their names Communism and the secrets. One big secret was how to make were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Ethel’s brother, David Greenglass, Great Depression an aattoommiicc bboommbb. Scientists in the United told the FBI that she and Julius were spies. He claimed that Julius The Rosenbergs had been States worked on making these bombs tried to get others to spy for the Soviet Union, also. Greenglass also Communists when they were during the 1930s and 1940s. Quickly said that Ethel typed up notes from secret meetings. In no time, young. During the Great Depression, many people after that, the Soviet Union had an Julius was arrested and held in prison. The court charged him with joined the Communist Party. atomic bomb, too. The United States eessppiioonnaaggee (ES-pee-uh-nawj). Capitalism was not working, leaders believed that someone had shared Julius did not want to talk to the FBI. This frustrated the and people were looking for important scientifi c secrets. The Federal government. He was put on trial. Ethel faced a trial, too. Both something that would help Bureau of Investigation (FBI) decided Julius and Ethel claimed to be innocent. Their case went all the them. At that time, being a Communist was not a bad thing. to fi nd these spies. way to the Supreme Court. In the end, they were found guilty of ccoonnssppiirraaccyy to commit espionage. They both died in the electric Two Sons chair on June 19, 1953. Ethel and Julius had two sons, Michael and Robert. During this time, Michael wrote a letter to President Dwight D. Eisenhower asking him to let his parents Newspapers across out of prison. They also carried the country reported protest signs in Washington, D.C., the execution of the saying, “Don’t Kill My Mommy Rosenbergs. and Daddy.” Executed Ethel Rosenberg was the fi rst woman executed in the United States since 1865. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan during World War II. 14 15