The clausal syntax of German Sign Language A cartographic approach Fabian Bross language Open Generative Syntax 5 science press OpenGenerativeSyntax Editors:ElenaAnagnostopoulou,MarkBaker,RobertaD’Alessandro,DavidPesetsky,Susi Wurmbrand Inthisseries: 1. Bailey,LauraR.&MichelleSheehan(eds.).OrderandstructureinsyntaxI:Wordorderand syntacticstructure. 2. Sheehan,Michelle&LauraR.Bailey(eds.).OrderandstructureinsyntaxII:Subjecthood andargumentstructure. 3. Bacskai-Atkari,Julia.Deletionphenomenaincomparativeconstructions:English comparativesinacross-linguisticperspective. 4. Franco,Ludovico,MihaelaMarchisMoreno&MatthewReeve(eds.).Agreement,caseand localityinthenominalandverbaldomains. 5. Bross,Fabian.TheclausalsyntaxofGermanSignLanguage:Acartographicapproach. ISSN:2568-7336 The clausal syntax of German Sign Language A cartographic approach Fabian Bross language science press Bross,Fabian.2020.TheclausalsyntaxofGermanSignLanguage:Acartographic approach(OpenGenerativeSyntax5).Berlin:LanguageSciencePress. Thistitlecanbedownloadedat: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/256 ©2020,FabianBross PublishedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Licence(CCBY4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN:978-3-96110-218-1(Digital) 978-3-96110-219-8(Hardcover) ISSN:2568-7336 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3560718 Sourcecodeavailablefromwww.github.com/langsci/256 Collaborativereading:paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=256 Coverandconceptofdesign:UlrikeHarbort Proofreading: AmirGhorbanpour,AndreasHölzl,AniefonDaniel,Ivelina Stoyanova,JeroenvandeWeijer,DanielaHanna-Kolbe,LachlanMackenzie, JeanNitzke,SimonCozens,TomBossuyt,VadimKimmelman Fonts:LinuxLibertine,LibertinusMath,Arimo,DejaVuSansMono Typesettingsoftware:XƎLATEX LanguageSciencePress UnterdenLinden6 10099Berlin,Germany langsci-press.org StorageandcataloguingdonebyFUBerlin Totlinguaequotmembraviro;mirabilisestars Quaefacitarticulosoresilenteloqui. ‘Amanhasasmanylanguagesaslimbs;wondrousistheart Whichmakesfingerssilentlyspeak.’ (Anonymous) To my mother Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Listofabbreviations xiii Notationalconventions xv 1 Theoreticalbackground 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 GenerativeGrammarandtheMinimalistProgram . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2.1 ModelingI-language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 TheIdeaoftheLanguageFacultyandUniversalGrammar 2 1.2.3 TheY-modelofgrammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.4 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.5 TheXschema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.6 Adjunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 Cartography–aMendeleevtableforsyntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.1 GeneralOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3.2 TheCartographicmethod–exemplifiedbyadjectiveor- deringrestrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.3 ThegoalsofCartographicsyntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3.4 CartographyandMinimalism:UGorthirdfactorprinci- ples? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.4 Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.4.1 Atypologyofscope-takingstrategies . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4.2 Scopemappedontothebody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 Signlanguages 33 2.1 Signlanguages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.1.1 Thephonologyofspokenandsignedlanguages–duality ofpatterning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Contents 2.1.2 Buildingsyntacticstructures–embeddingandrecursion 37 2.2 Theroleofnon-manualmarkings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3 GermanSignLanguage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.4 Datasources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.5 Outlineofthebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3 TheCPsystem 47 3.1 Introduction:theorganizationoftheCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1.1 Thelandingsiteofwh-movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1.2 ExpandingtheCP–positionsfortopicandfocus . . . . . 49 3.2 Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2.1 Generaloverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2.2 Topicsinsignlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2.3 TopicsinDGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.3 Foci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.3.1 Generaloverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.3.2 Fociinsignlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.3.3 FociinDGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.4 Sentencetypes,sentencemood,andillocutionaryforce . . . . . . 76 3.5 Declarativesentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.5.1 Generaloverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.5.2 Declarativesinsignlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.5.3 DeclarativesinDGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.6 Polarinterrogativesentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.6.1 Generaloverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.6.2 Polarinterrogativesinsignlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.6.3 PolarinterrogativesinDGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.7 Constituentinterrogativesentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.7.1 Generaloverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.7.2 Thenotionof‘syntacticoperators’andwh-copying . . . 104 3.7.3 Constituentinterrogativesinsignlanguages . . . . . . . . 114 3.7.4 ConstituentinterrogativesinDGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 3.8 OthertypesofinterrogativesinDGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 3.8.1 Alternativequestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 3.8.2 Degreequestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3.8.3 Tagquestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 3.8.4 Suggestivequestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3.8.5 Rhetoricalquestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 ii