- THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD 1016-1471 TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ROBERT ,MICHELL AND NEVILL FORBES, Ph.D. Reader in Russian in the University of Oxford WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, D.Litt. Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE TEXT BY A. A. SHAKHMATOV Professor in the University of St. Petersburg CAMDEN’THIRD SERIES I VOL. xxv LONDON OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY 6 63 7 SOUTH SQUARE GRAY’S INN, W.C. 1914 -- . .-’ ._ . .e. _. ._ ‘- -v‘. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE General Introduction (and Notes to Introduction) . vii-xxxvi Account of the Text . . . . . . . xxx%-xli Lists of Titles, Technical terms, etc. . . . . xlii-xliii The Chronicle . . . . . . . . . I-zzo Appendix . . . . . . . . . 221 tJlxon the Bibliography . . . . . . . 223-4 . . . . . . . . . . 225-37 GENERAL INTRODUCTION I. THE REPUBLIC OF NOVGOROD (‘ LORD NOVGOROD THE GREAT," Gospodin Velikii Novgorod, as it once called itself, is the starting-point of Russian history. It is also without a rival among the Russian city-states of the Middle Ages. Kiev and Moscow are greater in political importance, especially in the earliest and latest mediaeval times-before the Second Crusade and after the fall of Constantinople-but no Russian town of any age has the same individuality and self-sufficiency, the same sturdy republican independence, activity, and success. Who can stand against God and the Great Novgorod ?-Kto protiv Boga i Velikago Novgoroda .J -was the famous proverbial expression of this self-sufficiency and success. From the beginning of the Crusading Age to the fall of the Byzantine Empire Novgorod is unique among Russian cities, not only for its population, its commerce, and its citizen army (assuring it almost complete freedom from external domination even in the Mongol Age), but also as controlling an empire, or sphere of influence, extending over the far North from Lapland to the Urals and the Ob. The modern provinces of Novgorod, Olonets, and Archangel, with portions of Vologda, Perm, and Tobolsk, represent this empire.l The great Novgorod of the Middle Ages, the quiet, decayed cathe- dral town of to-day, lies on both sides of the deep and broad Vol- khov, on its way from Lake Ilmen to Ladoga and the Baltic. Here we are about one hundred miles south-east of St. Petersburg. As in the Middle Ages, the Side or Quarter of St. Sophia still lies on the left of the Volkhov, the Commercial Side on the right. The eleventh-century cathedral of the Holy Wisdom, “ Saint Sophia,” is still one of the historical monuments of Russia, while the walls of the Kremlin of Novgorod show how slender was the fourteenth- century Russian skill in fortification.2 But the mighty turbulent Republic is no more. The modern town, of some 26,000 people, has little more than a tenth, perhaps, of its old numbers, when to Ghillibert de Lannoy, coming from the . Low Countries in 1413, it appeared “ of prodigious greatness.‘ls The Hanseatic Market is a memory. The ancient earthern ramparts are in ruins, and of their stone towers only one, The White, still stands on the south of the city. Quite as ruinous is the Tower of Yaroslav, overlooking that Court of Yaroslav, which was once the . . .*. ., .- _. _I ‘L I c.-- _. . . . Vlll THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD INTRODUCTION ix favourite meeting-place of the popular assemblies. The great bell The next prince reigns less than a year; his successor is driven out which summoned the citizens to these assemblies, or to riot, hangs after “ twenty-one months.” In 1141 the city “ sat without a there no longer. More than from Florence or from Ghent has the ” nine months, and the man next chosen is put in the Arch- old life departed, which made Novgorod a Slavonic counterpart of Enzrp7s Palace and “ let go ” after a few weeks. the city-states of Italy or of Flanders.* Again in 1154 Novgorod turns out its prince, and “ fetches in ” Novgorod, in the days of its power, is in name an elective Princi- another, who soon goes to reign at Kiev, leaving his son David in pality, in fact something like a democratic Republic. The ‘Veche or his place. David is “ shown the road ” before the close of this same General Assembly of the citizens, is the ultimate and irresistible year (1154). authority, though its ordinary activities are of course limited by In 1157 David’s successor, despite the support of the Commercial other forces, ecclesiastical, commercial, aristocratic, and princely. Quarter, has to fly under cover of night. The prince next appointed (i) The power of these Electoral Klzyuzes or Princes rests mainly on (in 1158) is shown the way to Ladoga in 116O-only to be restored, then- own personahty, and their capacity of maintaining popularity “ with his full liberty,” after “ a year less than a week,” when his and organizing support. In modern language, Novgorod is largely rival and supplanter is “ fetched away.” And in this way examples governed by the party system. While the Prince can command a might be tenfold multiplied.6 majority, or at least avoid open defeat, he is secure, except against There is another side to the picture. In the changeful line of surprise: as soon as his party is the weaker, the result is inevitable. Novgorod princes, we meet sometimes with men who rule. Yaro- In the language of the Chronicle, they ‘I show him the way out.” slav the Lawgiver, in the eleventh century, is such a sovereign; From the earliest times the citizens are noted for their “ free Alexander Nevsky, in the thirteenth, is another. From 1240, spirit.” At the beginning of Russian history’we have their tradi- when he gains his “ eponymous ” triumph upon the Neva, till his tional revolt against the very Rurik they had just called in to found death in 1263, Alexander dominates Novgorod. He even makes the new Slav-Scandinavian people of Rus-“ Our Land is great, the Republic diplomatic. After the intoxicating victories of the but there is no Order or Justice in it; come and rule over us.” Neva over the Swedes (1240), and of Lake Chudskoe over the Ger- A century later, Svyatoslav proposes to govern Novgorod by ordi- man Knights (1242), it was hard to submit to the Mongol tax- nary officials, but the city insists on a son of the Grand Prince gatherer (as in 1259). But Alexander realizes that to defy the “ We know how to find another Knyaz.” The menace is heeded Horde is to complete the desolation of Russia. The hero of Nov- (964-72). gorod at last persuades her of the humiliating truth. He rides out Yaroslav the Lawgiver (1016-54), one of the real statesmen of with the Mongol emissaries, whom he had guarded day and night Russian history, fully recognizes the power and value of Novgorod from mob violence, and under his protection “ the accursed ones 1: Above all his other favours, tradition singles out the Charters or go ‘I through the streets, writing down the houses of the Christrans. Privileges granted by him to the city-a Russian parallel to the To save the Russian remnant, Alexander journeys repeatedly to the “ Good Laws of Edward the Confessor,” or the German Town Western Tartar army (or Golden Horde) upon the Volga-once Charters of Charles the Great.6 at least to the Great Khan in Mongolia (1246-50). Death overtakes As the old Russian Federation, under the Grand Princes of Kiev him on his way home from the Golden Horde in 1263. The news falls to pieces in the twelfth century, Novgorod republicanism de: reaches Novgorod as the Eucharist is finishing; turning to the people, velops. The sovereignty is treated as purely elective, and depo- Archbishop Cyril tells the disaster-“ The sun of the Russian land sition becomes well-nigh parallel to election. A prince installed one has set, my children.” “ Grant, Merciful Lord,” exclaims the year may be “ shown out ” the next. Chronicler, “ that he may see Thy Face in the age to come, Pbr he Thus in 1136 (taking examples only from the time of Stephen has laboured for Novgorod, and for the whole Russian land.“l and Henry II of England) the men of Novgorod seize and imprison Yet even this hero of the North, fresh from the victory of the Prince Vsyevolod in the Archbishop’s palace “ with his wife and Neva, has for a time to leave Novgorod, “ with his mother and his children, and his mother-in-law,” and finally expel him. wife . . . having quarrelled ” with the citizens. Better thoughts ‘L .t. xi X THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD INTRODUCTION come with reflection. At the beginning of the next year Alex- (iii) As everywhere in Old Russia, the Church in Novgorod is of the ander is recalled (1241).* first importance. Vast as is the sphere of the Latin Church in As time goes on, and Eastern and Western Christendom see the Western history, the Greek Church in Russia is. only less pro- growth of more powerful monarchical states, the Novgorod princedom minent because of the absence of Papalism, of religious war, and further declines, and at last we find the citizens doubting only whether (in comparison) of ecclesiastical encroachment. to become frankly Muscovite or disloyally Polish (1471).9 As early as 1034 Nestor mentions one of the VZadykas or Archbishops, whose succession is so carefully recorded, and in 1045 (ii) The crisis of 1471, ended by the victory of Moscow, brings into the historic Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom, the Hagia S?hza or relief the second person in the temporal polity of the Republic-in Sophiisky Sobor of Novgorod, is built by Yaroslav the Lawgiver and “ the accursed ” Posadnitsa Martha, wife of the Posadnik Gover- his son Vladimir.14 nor, or Burgomaster Simon Boretsky. This remarkable woman a St. Sophia becomes the symbol of the freedom, prosperity, ant Russian parallel to Elizabeth of England, Catherine de Medici and power of the city. “ Where St. Sophia is, there is Novgorod, the rest of the brilliant female offspring of the Classical Renaissance exclaims Prince Mstislav in 1215. “ Come to your patrimony, to almost succeeds in detaching Novgorod from Russia and the’ St. Sophia,” the citizens beseech Prince Yaroslav. “ With the ard Eastern Church, and is therefore not greatly flattered by the of St. Sophia.,” Novgorod conquers in battle. Sooner than submit Chronicle of the city, in a last section thoroughly pervaded by to the Mongol census (in 1259) the people resolve to “ die honourably Muscovite influence. The hatred of her opponents shows the for St. Sophia.” “ I bow down to St. Sophia, and to the men of influence which one Posadnik at least is able to exercise. Novgorod,” says Mstislav, when negotiating for his installation as usually the Posadniks, like the princes, are creatures of the popuBlaur t prince (in 1210). “ I make my greeting to St. Sophia . . . and to will. They are set up and cast down almost as frequently and their you: God grant I may lie by my father in St. Sophia “-is the fare- fate is harder. Deposed princes are “ shown the road,” bnt deposed well of the same prince to Novgorod.15 or unpopular governors are often killed. Thus in 1134 1146 1156 An accused Archbishop who has been exiled rights himself 1161, 1171, 1172, 1175, 1189, 1205, 1219, we hear, within one ten: “ through God and St. Sophia.” “ The Devil crushed by God and tury only, of Posadniks expelled or restored; in 1167 and 1209 of St. Sophia,” is the Chronicler’s exclamation, at the end of a riot, Posadniks executed or proscribed.iO when “ brethren come together . . . and kiss the Cross.“16 TThhee PPoossaaddnniikk rriiooit s of 1209 give us a vivid picture of the city in uupprrooaarr.. ““ TThhee mmeenr of Novgorod held a Veche over Posadnik The Novgorod Chronicle, a work of ecclesiastics, abounds in refer- DDmmiittrrii aanndd hhiiss *b rethr.e n . . . And they went to plunder their courts ences to church matters. Almost every other year we read of the [[hhoouusseess]] aanndd sseett nfirree ttoo .. .. .. [[tthheerm ], seizing their effects, and selling consecration or adornment of a church or monastery, “ a ref,uge for tthheeiirr vviillllaaggeess aanndd sseerrvvaannttss .. .. .. ttaak ing of their treasures a countless Christians, a joy to Angels, and ruin to the Devil.” Often it IS St. qquuaannttiittyy,.”” LLaatteerr DDmmiittrrii iiss b- rought in dead, and Novgorod would Sophia itself, Novgorod’s Westminster, which is repaired or beautl- hhaavvee tthhrroowwnntthhee bbooddyy ffrroomm tthhel bridge, “but the archbishop forbade ” fied or which becomes the burial place of another prmce.17 “‘I AAnndd tthheeyy kkiisss ed1 th_e C- ross that they would not keep Dmitris These ecclesiastical notes constantly throw light upon political cchhiillddrreenn ”” iinn tthhee citv.11 and social conditions. From some we learn of a Varangian or Scan- Strong governor;perhaps appear more often than strong princes. dinavian Church; from others, of a merchant’s daughter becoming And such governors play a leading part in home and foreign politics, an abbess; from others, of the Archbishop’s palace used as a prison as in 1135,1214, 1215, 1264.ia for deposed princes or other great offenders; from others, again, of At times, as in 1218, the Novgorod Democracy keeps a Posadnik the Vladyka’s influence in heading embassies, stoppmg riots, recon- in office, in defiance of the Prince. “ He is blameless, and we will ciling parties, and allaying popular fury.ls not give in to this.” Yet next year the fickle monster may displace its favourite, only to replace him the same winter.ls The Archbishops, usually chosen by the Prince and citizens- 4 . . . xii THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD INTRODUCTlON Xl11 but needing confirmation by the “ Metropolitan of all Russia ” at Here the foreign traders had their quarters, their guildhall, their Kiev, Vladimir, or Moscow-ultimately depend on popular favour. church (of St. Peter), their shops, stores, and dwelfmg-houses. Thus in 1211 Mitrofan is exiled, “ bearing this gladly, like John This Co& of the Nemtsy, or Court of St. Peter, was bunt, like the Chrysostom,” and after eight years is recalled by the same popular Hansa settlements in Bergen and London, for defence as well as for voice (1219).re trade, and was closed and guarded at night. At Its head was a Monasticism, which began in the Eastern Church, and has always Council of Aldermen, with a President, the “ (Chief) Alderman of St. played so great a part in Russia, is strong at Novgorod. Many a Peter’s Court.” Common Rooms (very unlike those of Oxford) were time it is recorded how a Bishop, Igumen, prince, or rich. man maintained for all the Hanseatics, “ summer and winter travellers ” founds a monastery-“ a refuge for Christians and a delight to the’ alike-both the privileged seafarers, and the landsmen who, as faithful “:20 like the “ Bishop’s Court,” the Russian monasteries enjoying an easier life, had fewer privileges in the factory. The serve at times as guard-houses for prisoners of state.21 junior clerks and apprentices had plenty of freedom in the “ chil- As in the West, so in the East. The greatest soldiers and states- &en’s room.” men may take refuge in the cloister. Alexander Nevsky himself, The Nemtsy of St. Peter’s Court had their own brewery, bees, when he feels his mortal illness, is “ shorn ” as a monk (Nov. 14, and forests. Their organization was largely governed by the 1263). sound principles of keeping their good things to themselves, and And abundant are the examples of prominent ecclesiastics of the guarding against fraud by their customers, as well as against the Republic being “ shorn into ” (or “ for “) the schema, “ choosing intrusion of non-Hanseatics into the Russian trade.25 to lead a life of silence.“22 In the early days of this factory, the annual profits are stored (iv) ” Mediaeval society (many still believe) included only soldiers, at St. Mary’s Church in Visby-another indication of Gothland churchmen, and peasants.” Mediaeval Russia, and especially influence. The original authors of the Skra are probably Gothland Novgorod, gives as much help against this superstition as any merchants, and the Novgorod “ court of the Nemtsy ” is perhaps Westemland. at first a dependency of Visby. But in the fourteenth century The burgess, the responsible citizen, who possesses a stake in the- the Gothland domination is first rivalled, then replaced, by that of Republic, and who deliberates, votes, and fights for its freedom and Liibeck. Thus from 1346 the Hanseatic President in Novgorod is greatness, is constantly in evidence. chosen, by representatives of the Hanse towns, from among Liibeck But beyond the ordinary business and business man of the and Visby merchants.26 average prosperous mediaeval town, the merchant and his trade The growth of Hanse trade in Russia, during the Mongol Age play an exceptional part in Novgorod. For here was one of the (1220-1460), is not only due to the business ability of the German four capital factories of the Hanseatic League in non-German merchants. It is aided by the disasters (and consequent dependence) lands. of the Russian people at this time-by Tartar, Lithuanian, and Before, or during, the time of Frederic Barbarossa, foreign traders especially Teutonic, conquest. are noticed at Novgorod (1142) ; Bremen merchants appear in Livonia (1157) ; and direct commerce between Cologne and Except in Flanders, no field of non-German trade gives so wide a Russia is recorded (1165). The agreement concluded at the close Hanseatic picture, shows so many Hanse centres engaged in the local of the Crusading Age (1269) between Novgorod, Ltibeck, and Goth- commerce. Merchants of Brunswick, Dortmund, Duisburg, Mag- land, shows that the Nemtsy had long possessed a regular com- deburg, Munster, and pettier towns appear in Russia, especially mercial status on the Volkhov. And the famous Skra or code of the in Novgorod, often travelling by the dangerous overland routes. Nemetskz factory here goes back to the early thirteenth century And even mediaeval Russians sometimes venture far overland in (1225).23 search of customers.27 Half the town is known, we have seen, as the Commercial Side.24 The Annals of Novgorod abound in notices of trade. Already in xiv THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD INTRODUCTION V the twelfth century (as in 1137, 1141-2, 1195) the mercantile interest party among the nobles or commons-can legally or practically makes itself felt in war and politics.28 summon the Veche, which usually meets either “ at ” (i.e. outside) St. Sophia, or in the Court of Yaroslav on the Commercial Side. Commercialism further develops in the thirteenth century, when Sometimes rival parties call rival Veches, which finish with a we hear of extortions from merchants, in 1209; of merchants sent, conference upon the Great Bridge, or with fighting.37 Matters of with the Posadnik, to call in a new prince, in 1215; of merchants religion and morality are an important part of the work of the plundered by this new ruler in the same year; of gallant tradesmen V&e, which banned pagan superstitions, punished the black art, (kettlemakers, clockmakers, silversmiths) killed in battle (in 1216, designated the favoured few from whom a new archbishop might 1234, and later years); and of terrible fires on the Commercial Side, be chosen, or deposed an unpopular prelate.3* with destruction of Varangian and Nemetski merchandise, in the Varangian church, or in Varangian Street (in 1217 or 1299).2s II. THE EMPIRE OF NOVGOROD. In the fourteenth century commercial matters, and especially interference with trade, are among the prominent causes of quarrel ON any general view of European history, there are few incidents between Novgorod and Sweden, the Teutonic Order, and Moscow.30 more suggestive than the territorial expansion of Russia-the Lastly, in the fifteenth century, foreign values and coined money eastern vanguard of western civilization. However we may criticize are introduced into Novgorod traffic, and the old tokens super- the Russian people, it is certainly the pioneer and representative of seded. Thus in 1410 “ the men of Novgorod began to trade in Christendom in the north-east of Europe and in the north of Asia. Nemetski artugs and Lithuanian groshes . . . doing away with skin- And nowhere in the Old World has the dominion of the higher races tokens,” and in 1420 they “ began to deal in silver coin,” and sold been so widened as in the lands from the Black Sea to the White, the Nemtsy their artugs again.31 and from the Baltic to the Sea of Japan, which have been gradually conquered and colonized by the Slavonic-Scandinavian Rus. (v) Every rank, power, and interest in Novgorod rests upon the The primitive Russian homeland did not include more than a sovereign people. As no dynasty can establish itself permanently, fraction (mainly in the West-Central zone) of the present Russia-in- still less any aristocracy of western type, the Republic preserves Europe. It was the political, mercantile, and adventuring ambition with peculiar purity the ancient democratic ideas and institutions. of Russian states, traders, and freebooters, which gave so noteworthy Down to the Muscovite conquest, the city is more powerful than an extension to the Russian name. any of its lords, officials, or classes .32 The great popular assembly, The first discovery of those two Siberias-European and Asiatic- comparable to that of Athens in power, is supremely characteristic which lay north and north-east of the primitive Russians, as far as of Novgorod among Russian states. The Veche invites a new the Polar Ocean and Tobolsk province, was the work of Novgorod. prince, and arraigns, imprisons, or expels him when it pleases.33 It Probably about the time of the First Crusade (1096), and certainly elects and deposes Posadniks and the lesser officers of state.34 Within before the Second (1147), the Republic had already come into touch the limits of the sacred lot, and of Orthodox feeling, it elects, as it with the country just beyond the Ural Mountains. can depose, the VZadykas or Archbishops.35 It decides peace and Long ere this, perhaps as early as the age of Cnut (lOOO-30), war, and punishes criminals. A bad character, or unpopular per- the Novgorod pioneers had penetrated to Lapland, the White Sea, sonage, may be hurled from the Great Bridge-or otherwise put out and even the Urals. One of the North Ural passes most likely of the way-at the conclusion of a Veche.36 corresponds to those Iron Gates where the men of Novgorod suffered Like the Polish Diets, the Novgorod Veches nominally respect disaster in 1032-l‘ Few returned, but many perished there.“39 the primitive Slavonic principle of necessary unanimity. But In 1079 we have the earliest reference of the Novgorod Annals there is no real liberum veto on the Volkhov. Minorities in Novgorod themselves to these distant regions: “ They killed Prince Gleb are bludgeoned, ducked, drowned, “ put to the edge of the sword,” beyond the Volok ” (in the Northern Dvina country) “ on the 30th of or expelled from the city. Prince or Posadnik-or any respectable May.“40 b xvi THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD INTRODUCTlON xvii The time of Henry I of England shows Novgorod communicating special reference to the mines Novgorod had long exploited in the with the Asiatic lands beyond the dividing range. Speaking of a Northern Ural.45 year which apparently answers to A.D. 1112, the Fundamental Lastly, in 1445, within a generation of the ruin of the Republic, Chronicle, usually known as Nestor’s, tells how one Guryata we hear of a last vigorous effort to assert Novgorod rule m Yugra. Rogovishch of Novgorod sent his servant to the Pechora, how the Again the Chronicle tells of initial successes; then, as before, victory Pechora folk then paid tribute to Novgrad, and how from the ends in ruinous defeat.46 Pechora the messenger went on to Yugra. We may doubt the In 1471 Moscow crushes Novgorod, and takes over the Novgoro- Yugrian report of a mysterious people enclosed in lofty mountains dian empire. But even before this, the founder of the Moscow Tsar- by the sea, vainly struggling to break out, and accessible only by dom, Ivan the Great, on his way to the subjugation of Novgorod, an opening through which they screeched their unknown lingo, begins the conquest of the Asiatic Siberia with which Novgorod had thrust out an iron finger, and bartered furs for iron. But we need dealt so long.47 not doubt the historical statement which introduces this legend, or see in Nestor’s Yugra anything very different from the Ywgra To the connexions between Novgorod and her less remote pro- of later time-the north-west corner of Asia, and especially the vinces there are fuller references. We have noticed the death of valley of the Lower Ob.41 Prince Gleb in 1079, the tribute-gathering expedition of 1169 Now this Siberian connexion is not a passing incident, like the in the Trans-Volok, the foundation of Vyatka in 1174, and the early Russian dominion on the Azov or in the Crimea, or the early Muscovite demand for “ silver-payment ” on the Trans-Kama lands Russian raids towards and beyond the Caucasus. On the contrary, in 1332-3. The Northern Dvina, the most valuable region it appears fairly persistent throughout the central and later Middle beyond the Volok, appears more definitely in 1337, when Ivan Kalita Ages; when Novgorod is displaced by Moscow, the Muscovite power attacks it to enforce his Trans-Kama silver claims, and is “ brought continues and develops the Russian overlordship in Yugra. to shame there “; in 1340, when Novgorod warriors raid Ustyug; A tribute-gathering expedition in 1169 shows Novgorod active in 1342, when rebel adventurers conquer all the Trans-Volok; in in the Trans-‘Volok or Northern Dvina basin, and may have been 1355-9, when Ivan II of Moscow corresponds with the Dvina concerned with payments as far as Asia; and the foundation of Governor and notables; in 1366, when Novgorodians “ coming from Vyatka in 1174 carries permanent Novgorod settlement far nearer the Dvina ” are seized by Muscovite forces; and in 1393, when to Siberia, along a more southerly track. But in 1187, on the eve of Moscow compels Novgorod to yield to the Metropolitan.48 the Third Crusade, Yugra appears tragically; both here and in lands Ivan Kalita had first turned Muscovite policy towards the Arctic west of Ural the natives rise and massacre their Russian masters or Dvina; besides its wealth in furs and timber, he aimed at winning customers. The punitive expedition of 1193-4 ends in disaster.42 an outlet to the ocean.49 Some seventy years later, his schemes are How and when intercourse with Asiatic Siberia is resumed we momentarily realized. In 1397 all the Dvina people are seduced are not told; but this resumption possibly took place before the end from Novgorod, and “ kiss the cross ” to Moscow. The Grand of the Crusading Age, for in the agreement of 1264 between Novgorod Prince issues ordinances for his new subjects (in 1398-g), which and Prince Yaroslav, Yugra, like Perm and the Pechora, appears are the earliest Muscovite laws known, and the first Russian laws among the domains or “ claims ” of the Republic.43 Sixty years later, preserved since Yaroslav (1016-54).50 Yet in 1411, 1417, 1419, in 1323 and 1329, Novgorod complains of outrages on its citizens 1445, we find Novgorod again in possession of most of Siberia-m- travelling to Yz4gra .44 These outrages were often the work of Russian Europe.si - enemies (as at Ustyug) in the Northern Dvina basin, planted on the But finally the overmastering power of Moscow, which in 1452 flank of the north-east trade-route from Novgorod, and a constant chases an enemy through the Dvina lands, and in 1458-9 conquers danger to its commerce. Again, the demand of Moscow, in 1332-3, Vyatka, achieves under Ivan the Great the complete destruction for “ tribute in silver ” for the lands beyond the Kama- of Novgorod power on the Dvina, as elsewhere (1471).5a the first sign of coming Muscovite overlordship-probably has a Later Russian progress in the Kama and Pechora regions is b2 _..: .*. ._ .- +. ._ - .*. xv111 THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD specially connected with the Russian Church. About 1376 the monk INTRODUCTION xix Stephen, afterwards canonized as the apostle of Perm (“ Stephan Ivan the Great conquers her, in the name of Russia and Orthodoxy, Permsky ‘I), founds the earliest church in the Upper Kama. It was to save her from treachery and Latin&n. And Moscow certainly a venture of some risk, for a former missionary in this Quntry had substitutes a clearer political reality for the vague and fluctuating been flayed by the natives, “ while they were yet but infants in the dominion, often no more than a commercial monopoly, of the Faith.“b3 Yet before his death in 1396 Stephen had overthrown the Novgorod merchants. local idolatry of the Golden Old Woman, stopped the sacrifice of Again, to understand this Russian expansion, the influence of reindeer, secured the triumph of Christianity, and founded Musco- rivers must not be overlooked. The history of Russia, like that of vite influence in a region whence, two centuries later, Moscow over- French America, is largely a river-history: her conquest is often a runs the Siberian Khanate. Under Stephen’s successors the progress from end to end of a river-basin, from one river system to Russian Church took root in the Pechora country (1397-1445)-as it another. The slight elevation of the northern plains aids the did on the White Sea during the same period, through the foundation inland navigator from Novgorod to Ural, from Ural to Pacific. of the greatest monastery of the Far North, in Solovetsky island Once more, if the Ural were not in some places, despite length and (1429).55 breadth, so insignificant a range, the Novgorod connexion with Last among these distant fields of early Novgorod expansion Asia might be cited as another disproof of the fallacy that mountain comes Lapland, the westernmost region of Siberia-in-Europe. chains form an absolute barrier between states and races. Neglecting any alleged treaties of the tenth century, or other Lastly, the empire of Novgorod is largely commercial; her dis- evidence of Novgorodian power here before 1264, we now find coveries and conquests are often the victories of a remarkable trade- Kola included with Yugra, the Trans-Volok, and the Pechora, among expansion. The mercantile side of history has often been treated lands of Novgorod influence. 66 Again, the peace concluded between with contempt. But what form of man’s energy has done more Novgorod and Sweden, in 1323, fixes the Varanger Fiord as the to bring about the discovery of the earth, to “ clear the mind of boundary between the two powers in Lapland. As elsewhere cant,” to break down the obstacles of ignorance, fear and prejudice religious influence accompanies mercantile and political control I which once hemmed in mankind and separated lands and races? like Stephen in the Kama, Iliya of Novgorod and Theodorite 0: Solovetsky appear as apostles of faith and culture to Kola and the III. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF NOVGOROD. Lapps.57 THE relations of Novgorod with its neighbours, its friends, and its enemies, form the last section of our subject. We may here remember that the early Russian expansion in the North is led, not by an absolute monarch and his soldiers, but by a I. And first as to the chief RUSSIAN STATES. fickle, half-theocratic democracy, whose chief activity is commerce, and to whom the right of insurrection is sacred. We may also (a) NOVGOROD AND KIEV. recall that the free life of Old Novgorod has left widely-scattered With Kiev, the so-called ” Mother of Russian cities,“58 the ac- traces in North Russia. Thus the colony planted in the well-stocked knowledged head alike in politics and religion, during all the early and beautiful woodland of far-away Vyatka, in 1174--though no centuries (c. 880-1169), the relations of Novgorod are naturally long longer governed by elected civil magistrates, sharing power, in and intimate. During most of this time the Grand Prince of Kiev Novgorod fashion, with Church dignitaries-yet still keeps much of nominates the Princes, and sometimes the Posadniks, of Novgorod, the manners and customs, the domestic architecture, the head- subject to the popular approval. And the Metropolitan of Kiev, dress, and even the dialect, of the mother-city. On the other hand with the same limitations, ratifies the episcopal elections. when autocratic Moscow displaces its liberty-loving rival, popula; Oleg, as Prince at Kiev, and chief of the Varangians in Russia, government has clearly been found wanting in Russia. If Novgorod is said to have imposed a regular yearly tribute on Novgorod, about had not fallen before Moscow, she would have submitted to Poland. 881. His successor, Olga, ” wisest of all persons,” the pioneer of Christianity among the Rus, visits the city, from Kiev, in the next xx THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD INTRODUCTION xxi cdeu;yy, and establishes “ depots for commerce,” and “ tolls and 1van visits Novgorod and ” has a friendly talk “; Novgorod notables ” on some of its waterways (c. 947-950 ?). Olga’s son, the go to be honoured at MOSCOW.~~ Great Vladimir, becomes Prince of Novgorod in 970, before he When the Moscow sovereign or Metropolitan visits the Tartar reigns in Kiev.59 Court on any special occasion (as in 1336), or when anything un- Through much of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the Novgorod common happens at Moscow-such as the fire of 1337, or the death Chronicle records events at Kiev (especially the succession of Kiev of the Grand Prince in 1340-it is duly recorded at Novgorod.66 Princes and Metropolitans, or the embassies of Novgorod repre- Still more, when (as in 1332) the Muscovite begins to aggress upon sentatives) as matters affecting the metropolis of Russia, and Novgorod; and most of all (as in 1337) when history records the interesting to all Russians.60 The very name of Rus is long used to discomfiture of the aggressor, “ regardless of the kissing of the designate the Kiev region.61 Cross,” who, by the “ power of the Cross,“ is “ brought to shame.“67 Yet the downfall of Kiev in 1169, when the Russia of the Forests fn 1346 we first hear of the enthronement of the Moscow Grand humbles the Russia of the Steppes,62 is unnoticed in the Novgorod prince in Novgorod, as its Russian suzerain-though the Khan of Annals. Even the final calamity, the Mongol storm of 1240, is only the Golden Horde is still “ Tsar,” supreme even over Semeon the mentioned indirectly. On the other hand, the lesser disasters of Proud, who after enthronement in Novgorod goes to “ the Low 1203 and 1235, when heathen Kumans or Polovtsi, aided by traitor Cozclttry on the Tsar’s business.” Yet Novgorod still struggles Russians, waste the city, are properly bemoaned by the Novgorod against Muscovite ascendency, appealing to the Tartar, on Semeon’s historian.63 death, to give the Grand Princedom to Vladimir-Suzdal once more (1353) ; and though the intrigue is now unsuccessful, it momentarily (b) NOVGOROD AND Moscow. succeeds a few years later (1360) .68 The intercourse of Novgorod with Kiev begins with the beginnings But in 1366 the Muscovite-now the famous Dmitri of the Don- of Russian history, and is only important in the pre-Tartar period, is again Suzerain Prince, and quarrelling vigorously with the the period of Kievian greatness. But with Moscow the Northern Republic about a Volga raid of Novgorod adventurers who had Republic does not much concern itself before the fourteenth cen- plundered Moscow merchants. Peace is made in 1367; the tury, when the White Stone City claims the headship of the Russian lieutenant of Dmitri is installed in Novgorod; and Nov- principalities. It is in 1238, when Russian allies are vainly struggling gorod helps Moscow against the hated Tver (1375), and accepts her to save Ryazan from the Mongols, and “ the men of Moscow ran decision in a dispute about the Metropolitan chair (1376). away,” that we have the earliest notice of “ Mother Moskva ” in On the other hand, Dmitri Donskoi confirms all the old rights of the Novgorod Chronicle. The fall of Moscow itself, a few weeks Novgorod in the year of his Tartar triumph at Kuhkovo ” in a later, before the ” lawless Ishmaelites ” of Batu, is next recorded- clean field beyond the Don, on the birthday of the Mother of but here, as in 1293, Moscow is merely named, in passing, as one God,” when, “ preserved by God, he fought . . . for the Orthodox of the less important victims-and after this we hear little of Mus- Faith, and for all the Russian land ” (Sat., Sept. 8, 1380). covite interest from the Novgorod Annals for almost a century As the Tartar flood subsides, Moscow presses on Novgorod (1238-1325).64 afresh, and in 1386 the Republic pays Dmitri a heavy fine But at last, in 1325, we find the Archbishop of Novgorod visiting (8,000 roubles) “ for the guilt of the Volga men.“69 Towards Moscow ” for confirmation by the Metropolitan.” For Ivan Kalita the close of the fourteenth century we find Novgorod (in 1391) had just induced the Russian primate to move his Stol from again struggling to free itself, if not from the political suzer- Vladimir, and Moscow had definitely taken the place of Kiev as the ainty, at least from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, of Moscow. But Canterbury or the Mainz of Russian Christianity. before the end of 1393 (and this is prophetic) Novgorod yields, and In 1335, again, we find the Republic, despite “ colonial ” quarrels concludes peace “ on the old terms.“‘O recognizing the Knyaz of Moscow-this same “ John of thi More serious trouble follows from the reiterated Moscow aggres- Purse “- as Grand Prince, the secular head of the Russian people. sions in the colonial field, as in the Northern Dvina basin (1397