The Chiricahua Apache Prisoners of War : title: Fort Sill, 1894-1914 author: Turcheneske, John Anthony. publisher: University Press of Colorado isbn10 | asin: 0870814656 print isbn13: 9780870814655 ebook isbn13: 9780585030548 language: English Chiricahua Indians--Relocation--Oklahoma- -Fort Sill, Chiricahua Indians--Cultural assimilation, Chiricahua Indians-- subject Government policy, Indian prisoners-- Oklahoma--Fort Sill, Indians, Treatment of- -Oklahoma--Fort Sill, United States-- Politics and governmen publication date: 1997 lcc: E99.C68T87 1997eb ddc: 976.6/004972 Chiricahua Indians--Relocation--Oklahoma- -Fort Sill, Chiricahua Indians--Cultural assimilation, Chiricahua Indians-- subject: Government policy, Indian prisoners-- Oklahoma--Fort Sill, Indians, Treatment of- -Oklahoma--Fort Sill, United States-- Politics and governmen Page iii The Chiricahua Apache Prisoners Of War Fort Sill 1894-1914 John Anthony Turcheneske, Jr. UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Page iv ©1997 by the University Press of Colorado Published by the University Press of Colorado P. 0. Box 849 Niwot, Colorado 80544 Tel. (303) 530-5337 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State College, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Mesa State College, Metropolitan State College of Denver, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, University of Southern Colorado, and Western State College of Colorado. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Turcheneske, John Anthony, 1943- The Chiricahua Apache prisoners of war: Fort Sill, 1894-1914 / John Anthony Turcheneske, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87081-465-6 (casebound: alk. paper). 1. Chiricahua IndiansRelocationOklahomaFort Sill. 2. Chiricahua IndiansCultural assimilation. 3. Chiricahua IndiansGovernment policy. 4. Indian prisonersOklahomaFort Sill. 5. Indians, Treatment ofOklahomaFort Sill. 6. United States politics and government. 1. Title. E99.C68T87 1997 976.6'004972dc20 97-16012 CIP This book was set in ITC Slimbach and Broadband ICG by Stephen Adams. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1948 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Page v Dedicated to my mother and father, Mary Elizabeth Driscoll-Turcheneske and John Anthony Turcheneske, Sr. Page vii Contents Figures ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Prologue xv 1. Uprooted: An Innocent People Are Taken Captive 1 2. An Exile of Despair in Florida and Alabama 15 3. Vigorous Protests Are Raised Against Locating the Chiricahuas in Oklahoma 31 4. The Chiricahuas Settle in at Fort Sill 41 5. Enlargement of Fort Sill for the Chiricahuas' Eventual Allotment 53 6. Daily Routine, a False Alarm, and Missionaries 67 7. A Subtle Policy Shift 73 8. Initial War Department Maneuvers to Retain Fort Sill as a Military Reserve 81 9. Undercurrents of Chiricahua Disaffection 91 10. Opening the Way to Removal From Fort Sill: Geronimo's Demise and Agitation for Relocation to New Mexico 105 Page viii 11. Foreclosure of Chiricahua Rights to Fort Sill: Establishment of the U.S. Army Field Artillery School of Fire 113 12. A Promise "Broken to the Hope" 121 13. Military Functionaries Find a Friend in the House 131 14. Senatorial Subterfuge Nearly Scuttles the Chiricahua Resettlement Scheme 143 15. Resettlement at Mescalero and Release From Military Custody 155 16. Liberated Into Penury: A Most Parsimonious Chiricahua Allotment in Oklahoma 167 EpilogueQuest for Freedom: A Case of Justice Denied 177 Notes 189 Bibliography 225 Additional Sources 235 Index 239 Page ix Figures 1. Eugene Chihuahua. 18 2. Captain Allyn Capron. 32 3. Chiricahua wickiups, Fort Sill. 45 4. Chiricahuas milling pickets at their sawmill. 46 5. Type of picket house at Fort Sill. 46 6. Naiche's village. 47 7. Winter range at Fort Sill. 49 8. Blossom Wrattan Haozous. 51 9. Chiricahuas baling hay. 57 10. Map showing location of Chiricahua Apache prisoner-of-war villages. 59 11. Kayatennae's village. 59 12. Map showing additions made to Fort Sill in 1897. 64-65 13. Chiricahuas' cattle herd. 68 14. Captain Farrand Sayre and Chiricahua scouts. 74 15. Chiricahuas branding a calf during a roundup. 75 16. Chiricahuas laboring near their sawmill. 77 17. Chiricahuas in front of the Apache Prisoner of War Office. 79 18. Jason Betzinez and four unidentified Chiricahuas