The Chinese Empire in Local Society This book explores the Ming dynasty (1368–1 644) military, its impact on local society, and its many legacies for Chinese society. It is based on exten- sive original research by scholars using the methodology of historical anthro- pology, an approach that has transformed the study of Chinese history by approaching the subject from the bottom up. Its nine chapters, each based on a different region of China, examine the nature of Ming military institutions and their interaction with local social life over time. Several chapters consider the distinctive role of imperial institutions in frontier areas and how they interacted with and affected non- Han ethnic groups and ethnic identity. Others discuss the long-t erm legacy of Ming military institutions, especially across the dynastic divide from Ming to Qing (1644–1 912) and the implications of this for understanding more fully the nature of the Qing rule. Michael Szonyi is Frank Wen-h siung Wu Professor of Chinese History at Harvard University. zhao Shiyu is Professor of History at Peking University. Joel Wing- Lun (translator) is a doctoral student at Harvard University. The Historical Anthropology of Chinese Society series Series editor: David Faure, Chinese University of Hong Kong Historians are being increasingly attracted by the methodology of histor- ical anthropology, an approach that combines observations in the field with documentary analysis, both of official documents and of documents collected from local society. In China, historians have been pursuing such local his- torical research for a generation, with very little of this work being available in English hitherto. This series makes available in English research under- taken by the Historical Anthropology of Chinese Society project based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and related work. The books argue that top- heavy, dynasty- centered history is incomplete without an understanding of how local communities were involved in the government process and in the creation of their own historical narratives. The books argue that Chinese social history needs to be rewritten from the bottom up. 4 The Transformation of Yunnan in Ming China From the Dali Kingdom to Imperial Province Edited by Christian Daniels and Ma Jianxiong 5 Lineage and Community in China, 1100– 500 Genealogical Innovation in Jiangxi Xi He 6 Islam and Chinese Society Genealogies, Lineage and Local Communities Edited by Jianxiong Ma, Oded Abt, Jide Yao 7 The Chinese Empire in Local Society Ming Military Institutions and Their Legacy Edited by Michael Szonyi and zhao Shiyu Translated by Joel Wing- Lun For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ The- Historical- Anthropology- of- Chinese- Society- Series/ book- series/ HISTANTHCHINSOC The Chinese Empire in Local Society Ming Military Institutions and Their Legacy Edited by Michael S and z Shiyu zonyi hao Translated by Joel W - L ing un First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Michael Szonyi and zhao Shiyu; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Michael Szonyi and zhao Shiyu to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-i n- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 43184- 6 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 003- 00173- 7 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Newgen Publishing UK Contents List of maps vii List of contributors viii Acknowledgments x 1 State institutions, local society, and historical continuity: Ming military institutions from the perspective of historical anthropology 1 MICHAEL SZONYI AND ZHAO SHIYU 2 The social impact of changing patterns of military recruitment and logistics in Yongzhou, Hunan 26 WU TAO 3 Military colonies and localization in Yongchun, Fujian 42 MA WENRUI AND ZHENG ZHENMAN 4 The evolution of temples in Jinxiang Guard and the localization of state institutions 65 ZHANG KAN 5 State and local society in the reform of the garrison system in the Qing Dynasty: A case study of Yuzhou Guard 82 DENG QINGPING 6 Where are the Western Aborigines? Ningfan Guard and the transformation of local society in southwestern Sichuan in Ming and Qing 99 LONG SHENG vi Contents 7 The Green Shoots Crop Protection Associations of Taozhou, Gansu: Ming identities/ Qing histories 115 QUE YUE 8 The “civilianization” of military colonies and the reorganization of military households: Ningxi Battalion and the reconstruction of rural order in south China in the eighteenth century 128 XIE SHI 9 Military lineages and the Qing tribute grain system: The “Xie/ Chen/ Liao Barge” of Ganzhou Guard, Jiangxi 145 RAO WEIXIN 10 The tribute grain system, military colony lands, and transport soldier lineages in Ming and Qing: The case of Huangzhou and Qizhou garrisons of eastern Hubei 166 XU BIN Appendices I Ming and Qing reign periods 183 II Ming weights and measures 184 III Glossary and character list 185 References 192 Index 206 Maps 0.1 Locations in which chapters are set xi 2.1 Guards and Battalions of Yongzhou 28 2.2 Taochuan Battalion and surrounding villages 32 3.1 Yongchun, with Ming sectors 44 4.1 Jinxiang and vicinity 66 4.2 Temples of Jinxiang Guard 67 5.1 Yuzhou and vicinity 84 5.2 Yuzhou and Xuanfu 89 6.1 The Mianning region 101 6.2 Distribution of garrisons of the Sichuan Regional Military Commission in Ming 103 8.1 Distribution of villages in Lanshan 130 8.2 Old and New Yao Lands 140 9.1 Hereditary military household lineages of Ganzhou Guard 153 9.2 The Grand Canal 158 Contributors Deng Qingping received her PhD in history from the School of History of Beijing Normal University in 2006. Since then she has been teaching in the Institute of History, School of Humanities, China University of Political Science and Law, where she is an associate professor. Her research areas are the history of Ming and Qing and the social history of north China. Long Sheng graduated from the School of History at Beijing Normal University. He is an associate professor in the Advanced Institute of Confucian Studies, Shandong University. His research interests are in social history and folklore studies. Ma Wenrui received his BA and MA in history from Xiamen University, and is currently a PhD student in the History Department of Sun Yat-s en University. His interests are in Ming-Q ing social and economic history and historical anthropology. Que Yue is professor and chair of the Department of Communications Studies, School of Journalism and Communication, Lanzhou University. Her research interests include social change in northwest China since the Ming- Qing, and the history and culture of Tibetan areas of north- west China. She is the author of A second type of order: The Green Shoots Association of Taozhou in Ming- Qing (2016). Rao Weixin received his PhD from the Department of History at Xiamen University, where he is now associate professor. His research focuses on social and economic history of Ming and Qing. He is the editor of the book Research on Genealogies (Zupu yanjiu). Michael Szonyi is Director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies and Frank Wen-H siung Wu Professor of Chinese History at Harvard University. His books include The art of being governed: Everyday pol- itics in late imperial China (2017); A companion to Chinese history (2017), Cold War Island: Quemoy on the front line (2008). He is also co-e ditor, with Jennifer Rudolph, of The China questions: Critical insights into a rising power (2018). List of contributors ix Joel Wing- Lun is a PhD candidate in History and East Asian Languages at Harvard University specializing in the social history of late imperial China and its southwest frontier. Wu Tao is a native of Hangzhou, China. He gained his PhD in history at Fudan University in 2003. He is now a professor in the Department of History of Sun Yat- sen University. He has published several monographs and nearly sixty essays in different academic journals. His main research fields are historical geography and the social and economic history of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Xie Shi received his BA in history from Sun Yat-s en University and his PhD from the Center for Historical Geographical Studies, Fudan University. He specializes in social and economic history, historical geography and historical anthropology. He is a professor in the Department of History of Sun Yat- sen University and has been selected for the National Program of Special Support for Eminent Professionals of China. His book High and low land: Research on the historical geography of the Lower Yangtze Delta (11th– 16th century) (2015) was awarded the Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Philosophy and Social Science of China. Xu Bin is professor in the Department of History, Wuhan University. His areas of interest include the regional history of the Yangtze basin, eco- nomic history, and social history. His books include Lineage and local society in eastern Hubei in Ming- Qing and Institutions, economics and society: Fisheries, fisherfolk and waterborne society in Hubei and Hunan in Ming- Qing. zhang Kan is professor and chair of the Department of History, Xiamen University. His research interests are in the history of modern China and historical anthropology. zhao Shiyu, PhD in literature, is professor of history at Peking University. His research is in Ming-Q ing history, regional history, and historical anthropology. His recent works include Time in space: From regional his- tory to historical anthropology (2017) and The lure of historical anthro- pology: Towards a practical history (2020). zheng Zhenman is Distinguished Professor in the Faculty of Humanities and Director of the Center for Research in Local Documents at Xiamen University. His many publications include Family- lineage organization and social change in Ming- Qing Fujian (1992; English edition 2002); State and lineage: Traditional society in Fujian and Taiwan from multiple perspectives (2009), and Epigraphical materials on the history of religion in Fujian (series 2003– present).