JT a h c qe u eC s h G i un ie The Chinese Communist Party l l es re in power, 1949-1976 m aC z o m m u n i s t P a r t y Jacques Guillermaz i n p o w e r , 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 7 6 ISBN 978-0-367-29080-1 www.routledge.com aninformabusiness (cid:31) The Chinese Communist Party in Power, 1949-1976 We will build a new world, a red world, the world of the thought of Mao Tse-tung. Chieh-fang-chun pao, August 5, 1967 The Chinese Communist Party in Power, 1949-1976 JACQUES GUILLERMAZ Translated by Anne Destenay I~ ~~o~I~!:n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK ©1972 Payot, Paris This edition was revised and updated by the author to include the period from 1972 through 1976. First published 1972 by Westview Press Published 2019 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1976 by Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Guillermaz, Jacques. The Chinese Communist Party in power, 1949-1976. Translation of Le parti communiste chinois au pouvoir. Bibliography: p. 581 Includes index. I. Chung-kuo kung ch'an tang-History. I. Title. JQ1519.A5G8513 329.9'51 76-7593 ISBN 13: 978-0-367-29080-1 (hbk) FOR KIRST! Contents List of tables x List of maps x1 List of figures x1 Prologue xu Preface xm Foreword to the French Edition x1x Translator's Note xxm Part I New Democracy in China 1949-1953 1 1 China in 1949 3 2 Political and Administrative Reconstruction: The Ideological Training of the Population-The First Mass Campaigns 13 3 The Restoration of the Economy 25 4 Social Changes: The Marriage Law of May 1, 1950 37 5 Cultural Changes 48 6 Foreign Relations: The Korean War 60 Part 2 The First Five-Year Plan 1953-1957 75 7 The Targets of the First Five-Year Plan and Soviet Economic Aid 77 8 The Transformation of Economic Structures 85 9 The First Open Rifts: The Kao Kang-Jao Shu-shih Affair, the Hu Feng Affair, the Dream of the Red Chamber Affair 99 10 The 1954 State Constitution and Internal Administration: The New Party Statutes (1956) and Relations Between Party and State Ill 11 The Eighth Party Congress and China in 1956 127 12 The Hundred Flowers and Antirightist Movements of 1956-1957 136 13 Cultural Policies During the First Five-Year Plan 147 14 The New Military Institutions 161 15 Foreign Policy 1953-1957 (1): The Geneva and Bandung Conferences 169 16 Foreign Policy 1953-1957 (2): Sino-Soviet Relations 183 Part 3 The Chinese Road to Socialism 1958-1962 195 17 The Search for a Chinese Road to Socialism 197 18 The Great Leap Forward 207 19 Rural People's Communes and Urban Communes 1958 215 20 The Modification of the People's Communes: The Failure of the Great Leap Forward 226 21 Evolution of Internal Affairs 1958-1962 241 22 Foreign Policy 1958-1966 (1): General Development, Indian Subcontinent, Black Africa, Near East and Arab States, Latin America 258 23 Foreign Policy 1958-1966 (2): Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia 283 24 Foreign Policy 1958-1966 (3): United States, Western Europe, International Organizations, Disarmament 300 25 Foreign Policy 1958-1966 (4): The Socialist Bloc 313 Part 4 The Socialist Education Movement and the Cultural Revolution and Its Aftermath 1962-1976 333 26 The Tenth Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee and the Reappearance of Class Struggle 335 27 The Socialist Education Movement 343 28 "The Tocsin Sounds the Cultural Revolution" 359 29 "Open Fire at the Black Line": From Wu Han to Teng T'o and the Fall of P'eng Chen 366 30 "Sweep Away All Monsters!" 378 31 The Return of the Great Helmsman and the Eleventh Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee 385 32 The Red Guards Versus the Top Party Apparatus (August-November 1966) 396 33 The "Hidden Turning" of the Cultural Revolution: From the Slide Toward Anarchy to the "Triple Alliance" and the Revolutionary Committees (November 1966-February 1967) 408 34 The Cultural Revolution in a Blind Alley (February- June 1967) 424 35 The Crisis of the Summer of 1967 433 36 Toward an Easing of the Situation 441 37 The Multiplication of Revolutionary Committees and the Twelfth Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee (January-November 1968) 446 38 The Ninth Congress and the Renewal of Party and State Structures (1969-1971) 452 39 The Tenth Congress and the Internal Political Situation; The Fourth National People's Congress 470 40 The Economy 1962-1976 480 41 Education and Culture, the Press, and Religion 1962-1976 491 42 Military Policy 1962-1976 501 43 Foreign Policy 1966-1976 (I): General Development 5II 44 Foreign Policy 1966-1976 (2): Indian Subcontinent, Arab States, Africa, Latin America 518 45 Foreign Policy 1966-1976 (3): japan, Korea, and South- e~tA~ ~8 46 Foreign Policy 1966-1976 (4): United States, Western Europe, International Organizations, Disarmament 546 47 Foreign Policy 1966-1976 (5): The Socialist Bloc 557 Conclusion 567 Bibliography 581 Index 601