The snail-eating snakes Dipsas brevifacies, Sibon sanniolus, and Tropidodipsas sartorii are among the most commonly encountered species during the ongoing nocturnal snake surveys being conducted by the authors. The road-killed specimens are collected and later dissected to generate data on the diet and reproduction of the species. Furthermore, having large sample sizes of species from a single area allows the authors to study individual variation in morphology without the issue of geographical variation. Pictured here is an adult individual of Sibon ' sanniolus, a small, slender snake with a specialized diet of snails. © Gunther Köhler 668888 www.mesoamericanherpetology.com www.eaglemountainpublishing.com The Chetumal Snake Census: generating biological data from road-killed snakes. Part 2. Dipsas brevifacies, Sibon sanniolus, and Tropidodipsas sartorii Gunther Köhler1, J. roGelio Cedeño-Vázquez2, till Kirstein1, and Pablo M. beutelsPaCher-GarCía3 1Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] (Corresponding author) 2Depto. Sistemática y Ecología Acuática, Grupo Académico: Sistemática, Ecología y Manejo de Recursos Acuáticos, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Chetumal, Av. Centenario Km. 5.5, C.P. 77014 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] 3Martinica 342, Fracc. Caribe, C.P. 77086 Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] abstraCt: We present data and observations on the snake species Dipsas brevifacies, Sibon sanniolus, and Tropidodipsas sartorii collected during bimonthly surveys along a 39 km road transect near the city of Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico, since February of 2010. For these species, we present data on their external morphology, seasonality, spatial distribution, reproduction, and diet. Key Words: Dipsadidae, diet, Mexico, monitoring, population dynamics, Quintana Roo, reproduction, road-kills, snake survey resuMen: Presentamos datos y observaciones sobre las especies de serpientes Dipsas brevifacies, Sibon sanniolus y Tropidodipsas sartorii registradas durante muestreos realizados cada 15 días a lo largo de un transecto de carretera de 39 km cercano a la ciudad de Chetumal (Quintana Roo, Mexico) desde febrero de 2010. De cada una de estas especies presentamos datos sobre morfología externa, estacionalidad, dis- tribución espacial, reproducción y dieta. Palabras Claves: Dipsadidae, dieta, Mexico, mortalidad por atropello, muestreo y monitoreo de serpien- tes, dinámica poblacional, Quintana Roo, reproducción Citation: Köhler, G., J. R. Cedeño-Vázquez, T. Kirstein, and P. M. Beutelspacher-García. 2016. The Chetumal Snake Census: generating biological data from road-killed snakes. Part 2. Dipsas brevifacies, Sibon sanniolus, and Tropidodipsas sartorii. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3: 689–705. Copyright: Köhler et al., 2016. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Received: 7 July 2016; Accepted: 7 September 2016; Published: 29 September 2016. Mesoamerican Herpetology 689 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 INTRODUCTION In a previous article (Köhler et al., This volume), we introduced our long-term snake survey study based on snakes found along a 39 km road transect in southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. Here we report the data for three species of snail-eating snakes, generated from road-killed specimens and supplemented by observations of living individuals found on the road during our nocturnal surveys. Since 13 February 2010, we recorded 100 specimens of Dipsas bre- vifacies, 70 of Sibon sanniolus, and 40 of Tropidodipsas sartorii (see Appendix 1 for list of specimens examined). For measurements, we use the abbreviations SVL (snout–vent length) and TL (tail length). In the species studied in this article, we found considerable variation in the scalation of the loreal/preocular region. See Fig. 1 for the termi- nology and designation of scalation types. Fig. 1. Terminology and variation of scales in the loreal/preocular region in the snail-eating snakes studied in this article. Mesoamerican Herpetology 690 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 SPECIES ACCOUNTS Dipsas brevifacies (Cope, 1866) Figs. 2–4 Material: We collected 100 specimens, of which we identified 57 as males, 27 as females, and 16 as indeterminate. External morphology and coloration: See Table 1 for variation in selected morphometric and scalation characters. The variation in the loreal/preocular region in our material is much greater than previously reported for this species (see Fig. 3 and Table 2). Diet: None of the preserved specimens of Dipsas brevifacies contained identifiable intestinal contents. ' Fig. 2. Dipsas brevifacies in life. (A) an adult (GK-5139); and (B) a juvenile (GK-5163). © Gunther Köhler Mesoamerican Herpetology 691 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 Table 1. Selected measurements, proportions, and scale characters in Dipsas brevifacies, Sibon sanniolus, and Tropidodip- sas sartorii. Range is followed by mean value and standard deviation (in parentheses). SVL = snout–vent length; and TL = tail length. Dipsas brevifacies Sibon sanniolus Tropidodipsas sartorii Character 57 42 12 27 13 22 Males 185–415 (323.29 ± 44.32) 155–386 (260.21 ± 40.39) 285–552 (429.67 ± 84.91) SVL (mm) Females 221–400 (325.31 ± 39.92) 232–290 (261.35 ± 17.18) 255–756 (427.29 ± 122.74) Males 0.275–0.429 (0.372 ± 0.033) 0.230–0.516 (0.390 ± 0.049) 0.190–0.298 (0.245 ± 0.030) TL / SVL Females 0.300–0.459 (0.362 ± 0.043) 0.297–0.463 (0.354 ± 0.042) 0.197–0.256 (0.230 ± 0.014) Males 150–181 (171.06 ± 5.81) 145–171 (157.87 ± 6.05) 198–215 (206 ± 6.16) Ventrals Females 155–181 (170.63 ± 6.36) 145–167 (158.88 ± 6.36) 207–229 (221 ± 8.28) Males 73–99 (83.32 ± 6.06) 65–95 (79.21 ± 6.01) 52–55 (53 ± 1.29) Subcaudals Females 71–95 (81.77 ± 8.27) 64–84 (72.50 ± 7.29) 43–55 (48 ± 6.25) Number of dorsal scales rows at 15 (15.0 ± 0.0) 15 (15.0 ± 0.0) 17 (17.0 ± 0.0) midbody Number of dorsal scales rows 15 (15.0 ± 0.0) 15 (15.0 ± 0.0) 17 (17.0 ± 0.0) anterior to vent Cloacal scute undivided undivided undivided Number of loreal scales 0–2 (0.3 ± 0.5) 0–1 (0.770 ± 0.43) 0–2 (0.44 ± 0.53) Number of preocular scales 0–4 (1.51 ± 1.09) 0–3 (1.78 ± 0.96) 0–3 (2.18 ± 0.94) Number of postocular scales 2–4 (2.88 ± 0.45) 2–3 (2.02 ± 0.13) 2–3 (2.07 ± 0.25) Number of anterior temporals 1–3 (1.95 ± 0.33) 1–2 (1.26 ± 0.44) 1 (15.0 ± 0.0) Number of posterior temporals 1–3 (2.86 ± 0.37) 2–3 (2.12 ± 0.33) 1–2 (1.95 ± 0.22) Number of supralabials 8–11 (9.15 ± 0.48) 7–9 (8.39 ± 1.47) 7–9 (7.57 ± 0.71) Number of infralabials 8–12 (10.31 ± 1.59) 7–10 (9.11 ± 0.74) 7–9 (8.3 ± 1.02) Table 2. Frequency distribution of variation in the loreal/preocular region in Dipsas brevifacies, Sibon sanniolus, and Tropidodipsas sartorii. See Fig. 1 for illustration of scalation types. Type D. brevifacies S. sanniolus T. sartorii A 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% B 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% C 28.4% 0.0% 0.0% D 0.0% 8.5% 13.2% E 4.8% 0.0% 44.7% F 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% G 2.4% 61.0% 26.3% H 0.0% 1.7% 0.0% I 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% J 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% K 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% L 0.0% 25.4% 13.2% M 0.0% 3.4% 0.0% N 1.2% 0.0% 2.6% Mesoamerican Herpetology 692 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 Fig. 3. Variation of scales in the loreal/preocular region in Dipsas brevifacies. Type designation corresponds to Types in Fig. 1. Scale bars ' equal 1.0 mm. © Gunther Köhler Reproduction: The dissection of 11 male and 11 female specimens of Dipsas brevifacies yielded data on reproduction (also see Fig. 4). The relative testis size (ratio of testis length × width/SVL) in the 11 males was 0.014– 0.131 (0.070 ± 0.034). We found the largest relative testis size (0.131) in a specimen collected in October, and the one with the smallest value (0.014) in a specimen preserved in February. The relative ovary size (ratio of ovary length × width/SVL) in the 11 females was 0.045–0.218 (0.149 ± 0.057). We detected the largest relative ovary size (0.218) in a female collected in October, and the lowest value (0.045) in a female collected in July. The number of vitellogenic follicles per side ranged from 4 to 8 (7.0 ± 1.98). The follicle length was 3.1–4.6 (3.88 ± 0.54), and the follicle width 1.8–3.4 (2.75 ± 0.71). We counted the highest number of follicles (8) in females collected in July, and the lowest number in females preserved in June. We found the largest follicles in females collected in October, and the smallest ones in those preserved in June. Four specimens contained oviducal eggs, with a clutch size ranging from 3 to 4 eggs (average 3.25). We collected these females in the months of June, July, and August. Seasonality: See Figure 5 for the temporal distribution of the 91 road-killed individuals of Dipsas brevifacies over a six-year period. We collected very few individuals during the winter months (November through January), and found the majority during the warmer months. Distribution in the transect: We collected this species throughout the 39 km road transect (Fig. 6). We found 2.6% of the specimens near cropland, 2.9% near residential areas, 16.5% in areas surrounded by vegetation-free open habitat, 4.4% near wetlands, 13.2% in areas surrounded by vegetation-covered open habitat, 11.0% adjacent to tree plantations, 4.4% in areas surrounded by open, sandy habitat, and 45.0% adjacent to natural forest. The few individuals we encountered alive (9) either were crawling across the road or were found in the low vegetation bor- dering the road. Mesoamerican Herpetology 693 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 Fig. 4. Specimens of Dipsas brevifacies dissected to study their gonads. (A) A male (SMF 99599); and (B) a female (SMF 100257). The testes ' and follicles, respectively, are indicated by arrows. © Gunther Köhler Fig. 5. Diagram showing the frequency distribution of collected specimens of Dipsas brevifacies during the course of the year. Mesoamerican Herpetology 694 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of the collected specimens (black dots with white centers) of Dipsas brevifacies along the transect. Sibon sanniolus (Cope, 1866) Figs. 7–9 Material: We collected 70 specimens, of which we identified 47 as males, 13 as females, and 10 as indeterminate. External morphology and coloration: See Table 1 for variation in selected morphometric and scalation characters. Fig. 8 depicts the considerable variation in the loreal/preocular region in this species (also see Table 2). Diet: None of the preserved specimens of Sibon sanniolus contained identifiable intestinal contents. Mesoamerican Herpetology 695 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 Reproduction: The dissection of 11 male and 3 female specimens of Sibon sanniolus yielded data on repro- duction (Fig. 9). The relative testis size (ratio testis length × width/SVL) in the 11 males was 0.041–0.133 (0.077 ± 0.031). We found the largest relative testis size (0.133) in a specimen collected in October, and the one with the smallest value (0.041) in one preserved in August. The relative ovary size (ratio ovary length × width/SVL) in the 11 females was 0.045–0.218 (0.149 ± 0.057). One female, collected in May, contained three vitellogenic follicles on one side. Two specimens contained oviducal eggs, one with a total clutch size of 3, the other of 4. We collected these females in the months of February and July, respectively. Seasonality: See Fig. 10 for the temporal distribution of the 61 road-killed individuals of Sibon sanniolus over a six-year period. We collected very few individuals during the winter months (October through January), and found the majority during the warmer months. ' Fig. 7. Sibon sanniolus (SMF 99649) in life. © Gunther Köhler Fig. 8. Variation of scales in the loreal/preocular region in Sibon sanniolus. The type designation correspond to Types in Fig. 1. Scale bars ' equal 1.0 mm. © Gunther Köhler Mesoamerican Herpetology 696 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3 Köhler et al. Chetumal Snake Census, Part 2 Fig. 9. Specimens of Sibon sanniolus dissected to study their gonads. (A) A male (SMF 99649); and (B) a female (SMF 100321). The testes ' and eggs, respectively, are indicated by arrows. © Gunther Köhler Fig. 10. Diagram showing the frequency distribution of collected specimens of Sibon sanniolus during the course of the year. Mesoamerican Herpetology 697 September 2016 | Volume 3 | Number 3