The Century of Women How Women Have Transformed the World since 1900 Maria Bucur Indiana University–Bloomington ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD Lanham•Boulder•NewYork•London ExecutiveEditor:SusanMcEachern EditorialAssistant:KatelynTurner SeniorMarketingManager:KimLyons PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield AnimprintofTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 https://rowman.com UnitA,WhitacreMews,26-34StannaryStreet,LondonSE114AB, UnitedKingdom Copyright©2018byTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable TheLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAvailable ISBN978-1-4422-5738-2(hardcover:alk.paper) ISBN978-1-4422-5739-9(paperback:alk.paper) ISBN978-1-4422-5740-5(ebook) TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica ToalltheforemothersonwhoseshouldersIstandtallerandsee farthertowardthedawnofpost-patriarchy Contents Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations ix 1 Introduction:AFeministHistoryoftheWorldsince1900 1 2 Politics 13 3 Population 45 4 Economics 77 5 Knowledge 115 6 Culture 149 7 Kinship:IntotheFuture 181 Epilogue 203 BibliographicEssay 209 SelectedBibliography 213 Index 221 v Acknowledgments This book had been inside me for a long time before I realized it. It emerged from both the immersion in historical research and repeated frustrationsIexperiencedafter“discovering”historyasalivingtradition and feminism as a core commitment in the mid-1980s. Since then, every conversation I’ve had with a historian, every book I’ve read, and every class I’veattendedor taughthavebeenstepping-stonestowardthispro- ject. I am grateful first and foremost to all the feminist historians who modeled for me a way to approach the past with analytical lenses that engagewithgendernorms.Standingontheirbroadshoulders,Icansee farther than my predecessors. From Judith Tucker and Richard Stites to SonyaMicheland KarenOffen,who askeduncomfortablebutnecessary questions about the past, I have drawn intellectual and personal suste- nance. Amongmypeers,Ibuiltacommunityfromscholarsandfriendswho were like-minded in their aspirations, and their collegiality and robust intellectualfellowshiphavekeptmegoing.MarissaMoorman,JeffIsaac, KristenGhodsee,KrassimiraDaskalova,LeahDrayton,JeffWasserstrom, Francisca de Haan, Beth Holmgren, Nancy Wingfield, Melissa Moreton, Katalin Fabian, Lucy Fischman, Rob Fischman, Mary Gray, Catherine Guthrie, Anna Krylova, Rochelle Ruthchild, and my soul sister Mihaela Miroiu have all, at one time or another, asked tough questions, encour- aged me to keep going, challenged my assumptions, and read my work withagenerousandopenmind. ThisbookwouldnothavebeenwrittenifIdidnotspendmostofmy workinghoursteachingorpreparingfortheclassroom.WhenIwakeup inthemorning,Iknowthatdozensofeighteen-totwenty-five-year-olds wait for me to make the world at once more complicated and clearer through the craft of history and gender analysis. Thinking about the fu- ture and the world these young people will build with the knowledge theygainincollegebecomesagreatimpetusforwritingwiththemasthe primary audience. And so, generations of my own students have been a source of inspiration. Among them Jill Massino, Anna Muller, Ben Thorne, Mara Lazda, Morgan Mohr, Nathan Wood, and Alex Tipei shared their passion for history with me and have passed forward their commitment to understanding the past with a feminist approach at the center of their own practices. Their work inspires me to push on. In Romania, where I have spent many summers since I left the country in vii viii Acknowledgments the mid-1980s, generations of younger feminists interested in history havebeenanimportantsoundingboardformyideas;amongthesefemi- nists are Oana Băluță, Rucsandra Pop, Eliza Theodora Văcărescu, Mia Jinga,DianaNeaga,andFatmaYilmaz. And, of course, financial support helped me take time to write the manuscript. I want to thank Indiana University for the New Frontiers GrantIreceivedin2016andtheWoodrowWilsonCenterfortheresearch fellowship I received for the spring of 2015. In addition, the staff at the SchlesingerLibrary,partoftheRadcliffeInstituteforAdvancedStudyat Harvard University, provided generous support and a welcoming envi- ronment for research. I would be remiss not to thank Susan McEachern forbelievinginthisprojectandseeingitthroughwithgreatattentionand care,togetherwithanequallyoutstandingeditorialstaff.Iamalsograte- fulfortheanonymousreaders’commentsandcritiques,whichprovided invaluablefeedbackforimprovingthemanuscript. Finally, I am not whole without my family. I was raised by a feisty grandmotherwhoworkedhardeverydayofherlifetomakeiteasierfor metobeintheworld.Myparentsletmepursuemydreams,evenwhen those dreams had nothing to do with their own values and ideas of a profession. My life partner’s love and unswerving loyalty teaches me every day how to be a better human being. I started to write this book primarily because I want to offer my two boys a different vision for the future, one that embraces a recent past with women present and signifi- cantineveryareaofhumaninteraction.Ihopetheywillfindinthistext inspirationforhowtobethoughtfulfeministsastheybuildtheworldof tomorrow.