TTHHEE UU..SS.. GGOOVVEERRNNMMEENNTT HHOOWW IITT WWOORRKKSS THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY TTHHEE UU..SS.. GGOOVVEERRNNMMEENNTT HHOOWW IITT WWOORRKKSS THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES THE PRESIDENCY THE SENATE THE SUPREME COURT TTHHEE UU..SS.. GGOOVVEERRNNMMEENNTT HHOOWW IITT WWOORRKKSS THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY HHEEAATTHHEERR LLEEHHRR WWAAGGNNEERR The Central Intelligence Agency Copyright ©2007 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, contact: Chelsea House An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York, NY 10001 ISBN-10: 0-7910-9282-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-7910-9282-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wagner, Heather Lehr. The Central Intelligence Agency / Heather Lehr Wagner. p. cm.—(The U.S. government: how it works) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7910-9282-8 (hardcover) 1. United States. Central Intelligence Agency—Juvenile literature. 2. Intelligence Service—United States—Juvenile literature. I. Title. II. Series. JK464.16W34 2007 327.1273—dc22 2006028387 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. 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Because of the dynamic nature of the Web, some addresses and links may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. contents 1 Intelligence in America . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 Coordinator of Information . . . . . . . . 21 3 The OSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4 The History of the CIA . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 Inside the CIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6 The Path of Intelligence. . . . . . . . . . . 69 7 Working for the CIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Picture Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 1 Intelligence in America In the summer of 1776, while delegates to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia debated the document that would become known as the Declaration of Independence, the commander of the Continental Army, General George Washington, was moving his force of 15,000 men south from Boston to New York. He was preparing for a major engagement in these early days of the Revolutionary War, an engagement that would pit his volunteer troops against the polished, professional, and far larger British military force commanded by General William Howe. The Continental Army experienced a humiliating defeat, losing Long Island in a single day, suffering 300 casual- ties, and having 1,000 men taken prisoner. Washington’s 7 8 THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY generals recommended an evacuation of Manhattan, but Washington refused, believing that a retreat at this stage would send a terrible message to the supporters of the revolution. Washington was determined to recapture all of New York. Washington called on Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowl- ton to assemble his military unit, known as “Knowlton’s Rangers.” The Rangers had a reputation for being bold and fearless and were patrolling the shorelines along Manhattan at the time. Knowlton stood before his men and explained that General Washington needed a volunteer for a danger- ous mission. This volunteer would serve as a spy, slip- ping behind British lines and providing the Continental Army with information about troop positions and British military plans. The spy would need to provide drawings of troop movements and British fortifi cations, and he would need to mingle with British offi cers, befriending them in order to obtain vital information. There was silence for a moment, as the men shifted un- comfortably. Then, a young schoolteacher from Connecti- cut stepped forward to volunteer. The man’s name was Nathan Hale. Hale was highly educated—he had graduated from Yale and served as a schoolteacher for two years. When the rev- olution began in Massachusetts and men from Connecticut were asked to form a militia to fi ght the British, Hale vol- unteered. He had joined the Seventh Connecticut Militia INTELLIGENCE IN AMERICA 9 a little more than a year before and had only come to New York a few months earlier with his regiment. Soon after, he was detached for service with Knowlton’s Rangers. Many of Hale’s friends tried to persuade him not to ac- cept the assignment. Spying was considered to be one of the lowest forms of military service, not something a gen- tleman or a highly educated and ambitious offi cer would do. Hale, though, knew that the situation was desperate, and he refused to withdraw his offer. Hale used his teaching background as the cover for his spying mission. By September 1776, he was ready to set off. He left the Continental Army and walked from Har- lem Heights in New York to Norwalk, Connecticut, a jour- ney of some 50 miles (80 kilometers) along the coast. At Norwalk, Hale found a ship that would take him across the Long Island Sound to British-occupied territory. Hale was disguised as a traveling teacher, wearing a plain, brown suit and a round, wide-brimmed hat. He carried his diploma and his watch but left all of his other belongings behind. Hale then began his mission, slowly moving back toward New York City through Brit- ish camps. Hale was pleasant and easy-going, and he sprinkled his speech with comments designed to show those he met that he was a Loyalist—a supporter of the British mili- tary and of King George. Soon, Hale had befriended sev- eral soldiers and offi cers, who gradually began to tell the amiable teacher of their plans to destroy the American