The Cavaliers in Exile, 1640–1660 Geoffrey Smith The Cavaliers in Exile This page intentionally left blank The Cavaliers in Exile 1640–1660 Geoffrey Smith © Geoffrey Smith 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court Road,London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York,N.Y.10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-51071-9 ISBN 978-0-230-50547-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-0-230-50547-6 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smith,Geoffrey,1938– The cavaliers in exile,1640–1660 / Geoffrey Smith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978 -1–4039–1168–1 1. Great Britain – History – Puritan Revolution,1642–1660. 2. Royalists – Great Britain – History – 17th century. 3. British – Europe – History – 17th century. 4. Exiles – Europe – History – 17th century. I. Title. DA406.S6 2003 941.06¢3 – dc21 2003053577 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 Contents Preface vi List of Abbreviations vii Map: Western Europe in the 1650s: places frequented by exiled Cavaliers ix Prologue: Escape from Dover Castle x Part I Flight 1 A Sad and Long Exile 3 2 Court Papists and Army Plotters 8 3 To Go Beyond the Seas 14 4 The Road to Worcester 22 5 The Crowd of Fugitives 34 6 A Long Farewell 54 Part II The Experience of Exile 7 Travels and Retreats 67 8 Nothing so Rare as Money 93 9 Feuds, Factions and Fornication 115 10 Losing the Plot: Agents, Spies and Traitors 133 11 Failed Hopes and Fresh Prospects 152 Part III Return 12 Gone for England 171 13 Rewards and Favours 177 14 The Brand of the Emigré 197 Notes 214 References 237 Index 242 v Preface During the planning and writing of this book I have benefited from assistance and advice given generously by many persons and institu- tions, in Australia, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. I am par- ticularly grateful for the support and wise guidance over many years that I have received from Dr Don Kennedy. I appreciate also the encour- agement and advice of several friends and colleagues, in particular Dr John Reeve at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Profes- sor Peter McPhee and Dr Barry Collett at the University of Melbourne, Dr John Adamson and Dr David Smith at Cambridge University and Professor Marika Keblusek at the University of Amsterdam. Over the years I have benefited greatly from the intellectual stimulus and friend- ship of many of those who are now former students and ex-colleagues in the History and English departments at Melbourne Grammar School. The support and guidance, expressed in many emails between Basingstoke and Melbourne, of Ms Luciana O’Flaherty, editor at Palgrave Macmillan, has been much appreciated. My wife has been a perceptive and critical reader of drafts. Both she and the rest of my family have tolerated patiently for many years my frequent absences into the seventeenth century. To Margaret, and to Madeleine, Jacqueline, Belinda, Jeremy, Nicholas, Annabel and Emily, for whose computer skills I have often had cause to feel especially grate- ful, I owe an enormous debt of gratitude, for their patience, support and encouragement. This book is dedicated to them. vi List of Abbreviations Add. MSS British Library, Additional Manuscripts Bod. L. Bodleian Library, Oxford University Carte, Letters A Collection of Original Letters and Papers, and Papers Concerning the Affairs of England...1641, 1660, found among the Duke of Ormond’s Papers, ed. Thomas Carte, 2 vols., (London, 1739) CCC Calendar of the Proceedings for the Committee for Compounding, ed. M. A. E. Green, 5 vols., (London, 1889–92) CClSP Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers, ed. W. H. Bliss, W. D. Macray and F. J. Routledge, 5 vols., (Oxford, 1868–1970) Clarendon, Life Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon...in which is Included a Con- tinuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion, from the Restoration in 1660 to his Banishment in 1667, 2 vols., (Oxford, 1857) Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of Rebellion the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. D. Macray, 6 vols., (Oxford, 1888) ClSP State Papers Collected by Edward, Earl of Clarendon, ed. R. Scrope and T. Monkhouse, 3 vols., (Oxford, 1767–86) CSPD Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, 1640–1680, ed. M. A. E. Green, (London, 1875–86) CSP, Ireland Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, 1630–1675, ed. C. W. Russell, J. P. Prendergast and R. P. Mahaffy, (London, 1870–1910) CSP, Venetian Calendar of State Papers...relating to English Affairs ...in the Archives and Collections of Venice, ed. R. Brown, (London, 1864– ) DNB Dictionary of National Biography, 22 vols., (Oxford, 1885–1901) HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission NP The Nicholas Papers: Correspondence of Sir Edward vii viii List of Abbreviations Nicholas, Secretary of State, ed. G. F. Warner, Camden Society, 4 vols., (London, 1886–1920) PRO. SP Public Record Office. State Papers TSP A Collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, Esq., ed. Thomas Birch, 7 vols., (London, 1742) Cavaliers living in exile in Europe had to become familiar with a variety of different currencies and with two calendars, the Gregorian or New Style in use on the continent and the Old Style, which was ten days behind, still used in England. All dates given are Old Style except that the year has been taken as beginning on 1 January and not on 25 March. In this period one pound sterling had the approximate value of 4.8 thalers or rix dollars, or 10 guilders, or 12 livres tournois or 10 Dutch florins. Spellings in quotations have been modernised. ix n e nhag ples pe E Na o R C HE EMPI Venice brence Rome T Fl KRAMNED n Edinburgh DublinSEIRELANDCChesterNWaterfordIVOENGLANDRP DWorcesterETINULondonThe HaguePendennisScillyCalaisRotterdamIs.AntwerpBredaBrugesBrusselsSPACologneNIJerseySHRouenNCaenETHNORMANDYParis OrleansAngersR. LoireBlois FRANCE Mila Fuentarrabia Madrid AIN equented by exiled Cavaliers SP s fr e c a OPE NTIONED LAGUTROP 1650: pl N EUR ES METEXT) on n the WESTER NG PLACIN THE Lisb Europe i WI n O r (SH Weste