The Carian Language HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-SIX The Carian Language by Ignacio J. Adiego with an appendix by Koray Konuk BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Adiego Lajara, Ignacio-Javier. The Carian language / by Ignacio J. Adiego ; with an appendix by Koray Konuk. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 86). Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13 : 978-90-04-15281-6 (hardback) ISBN-10 : 90-04-15281-4 (hardback) 1. Carian language. 2. Carian language—Writing. 3. Inscriptions, Carian—Egypt. 4. Inscriptions, Carian—Turkey—Caria. I. Title. II. P946.A35 2006 491’.998—dc22 2006051655 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 15281 4 ISBN-13 978 90 04 15281 6 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Hotei Publishers, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands Günter Neumann In memoriam CONTENTS Foreword ........................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments for the Use of Illustrations ............................ xiii Chapter One Introduction .......................................................... 1 Chapter Two The Indirect Sources .......................................... 7 A. The Glosses .......................................................................... 7 1. Glosses und Pseudo-glosses .................................................... 7 2. Interpretation ........................................................................ 10 B. The Proper Names .............................................................. 12 1. The Unity and Continuity of Anatolian Onomastics .............. 12 2. Present Compilations of Carian and Anatolian Names ............ 14 3. Carian Names from Indirect Sources vs. Those from Direct Sources ................................................................................ 15 Chapter Three The Inscriptions ................................................ 17 A. Introduction .......................................................................... 17 1. The Revised System of Transcription of Carian Letters .......... 18 2. Vocalism .............................................................................. 18 3. Consonantism ...................................................................... 19 B. ‘Para-Carian’ or ‘Caroide’ Inscriptions .............................. 22 1. ‘Para-Carian’ Inscriptions from Caria .................................... 22 2. ‘Para-Carian’ Inscriptions from Other Places .......................... 23 3. The Ostrakon of Hou and the Naukratis Fragment ................ 26 4. Carian Grafitti from Sardis .................................................. 27 5. Carian Inscription from Old Smyrna .................................... 29 C. The Carian Inscriptions from Egypt .................................. 30 1. Sais (E.Sa) ........................................................................ 32 2. Memphis (E.Me) ................................................................ 34 3. Abydos (E.Ab) .................................................................... 79 4. Thebes, Tomb of Montuemhat (E.Th) .................................. 95 5. Luxor Temple (E.Lu) .......................................................... 106 6. Murwàw (E.Mu) ................................................................ 109 7. Silsilis (E.Si) ...................................................................... 110 8. Abu Simbel (E.AS) .............................................................. 115 viii contents 9. Buhen (E.Bu) .................................................................. 119 10. Gebel Sheik Suleiman (E.SS) ............................................ 123 11. Unknown Origin, Likely from Egypt (E.xx) ........................ 124 D. The Carian Inscriptions from Caria .................................. 128 1. Tralleis (C.Tr) .................................................................. 130 2. Alabanda and Surroundings (C.Al) ...................................... 132 3. Euromos (C.Eu) ................................................................ 132 4. Kindye (C.Kn) .................................................................. 134 5. Hyllarima (C.Hy) ............................................................ 135 6. Mylasa (C.My) ................................................................ 137 7. Sanctuary of Sinuri near Mylasa (C.Si) .............................. 138 8. Kildara (C.Ki) .................................................................. 141 9. Stratonikeia (C.St) ............................................................ 142 10. Halikarnassos (C.Ha) ........................................................ 144 11. Didyma (Ionia, near Milet) (C.Di) .................................... 145 12. Iasos (C.Ia) ...................................................................... 145 13. Keramos (C.Ke) ................................................................ 150 14. Kaunos (C.Ka) .................................................................. 151 15. Krya (C.Kr) ...................................................................... 158 16. Inscriptions of Unknown Origin, Presumably from Caria (C.xx) .................................................................................. 159 E. The Carian Inscriptions from Greece ................................ 164 Chapter Four The History of the Decipherment .................. 166 A. The ‘Semisyllabic Era’ (1887–1962) .................................. 166 B. The ‘Greek Alphabetic’ Era ................................................ 176 C. The ‘Egyptian Approach’ .................................................... 187 1. The First Attempts ............................................................ 187 2. The Seminal Work of Ray ................................................ 191 3. The Definitive Decipherment (‘Ray-Schürr-Adiego System’) ...... 197 Chapter Five The Carian Alphabet .......................................... 205 A. Alphabetic Varieties ............................................................ 205 1. Alphabetic Varieties of Caria Proper .................................... 206 2. Inscriptions from Continental Greece .................................... 219 3. Egyptian Alphabets ............................................................ 219 4. The Classification of the Alphabets of Caria Proper .............. 223 5. The Relationship between the Alphabet from Egypt and the Local Alphabets from Caria Proper .............................. 226 6. The Common Origin of the Carian Alphabetic Varieties ........ 228 B. The Origin of the Carian Alphabet .................................. 230 contents ix Chapter Six Phonological Features ............................................ 234 A. The Phonological System .................................................... 234 1. Vowels and Semivowels ........................................................ 234 2. Consonants .......................................................................... 242 3. Letters of Uncertain Value .................................................... 251 4. Letters of Unknown Value .................................................... 253 5. Phonotactics ........................................................................ 254 B. Overview of the Historical Phonology of Carian ............ 256 1. Vocalism ............................................................................ 257 2. Consonants .......................................................................... 259 3. Some Secondary Changes ...................................................... 262 Chapter Seven Analyzing Carian Inscriptions .......................... 264 A. Basic Onomastic Formulae .................................................. 264 1. Inscriptions Consisting of Only an Individual Name .............. 264 2. Inscriptions Consisting of Only a Twofold Onomastic Formula .............................................................................. 265 B. The Structure of the Stelae from Memphis ...................... 267 1. Threefold Formulae .............................................................. 267 2. Stelae for Women ................................................................ 271 3. Inscriptions with Ted and En ............................................ 273 4. Other More Complex Funerary Inscriptions ............................ 275 5. The Rest of the Inscriptions from the Memphis Corpus .......... 276 6. A First Summary ................................................................ 279 C. Analyzing Brief Inscriptions ................................................ 280 1. Inscriptions on Objects .......................................................... 281 2. Funerary Inscriptions of Caria and Athens ............................ 287 3. The Longest Graffito from Abu Simbel (E.AS 7) .................. 293 D. The Longer Inscriptions ...................................................... 294 1. The Kaunos Bilingual Inscription .......................................... 295 2. The Kaunos Inscription C.Ka 2 ............................................ 301 3. Sinuri’s Longer Inscription (C.Si 2) ...................................... 302 4. The Hyllarima Inscription (C.Hy 1) .................................... 305 5. Other Inscriptions from Caria .............................................. 308 E. Summary and Some Controversial Questions .................. 310 Chapter Eight Morphological Features ...................................... 312 A. Nominal Inflection .............................................................. 312 1. Nominative Singular ............................................................ 312 2. Accusative Singular .............................................................. 313