Ideal for courses in beginning Sanskrit or self-study, this R THE CAMBRIDGE textbook employs modern, tried-and-tested pedagogical u methods and tools, but requires no prior knowledge of ancient p languages or linguistics. Devanāgarī script is introduced over p several chapters and used in parallel with transliteration INTRODUCTION e for several chapters more, allowing students to progress l in learning Sanskrit itself while still mastering the script. Students are exposed to annotated original texts in addition to to practise sentences very early on, and structures and systems underlying the wealth of forms are clearly explained to I N facilitate memorisation. All grammar is covered in detail, with SANSKR IT T T chapters dedicated to compounding and nominal derivation, R H O and sections explaining relevant historical phenomena. ‘… a fresh and engaging E D approach (…) which takes the C Online resources include: U learner’s concerns fully into CA M • Flash cards custom-made for the vocabulary account. Full of sage practical T and forms in the book advice while maintaining IOBR • Video tutorials for all chapters rigorous instructional standards.’ NI A. M. R u ppel D • Up-to-date links to writing, declension and Paul Dundas, Reader in Asian tG conjugation exercises and online dictionaries, Studies, University of Edinburgh oE grammars, and textual databases ‘[A]n excellent introduction to S Sanskrit, making the language A accessible to the beginner but informed of the latest research.’ N A. M. Ruppel was the Townsend Senior Lecturer in the James Clackson, Professor of Greek, Latin and Sanskrit Languages at Cornell University Comparative Philology, (Ithaca, NY) for nine years, and currently is Head of Sanskrit University of Cambridge S at St James Senior Boys’ School in Ashford (Surrey), UK. K Ruppel has received the Stephen and Margery Russell ‘[T]he clarity and simplicity Distinguished Teaching Award as well as a grant from the Cornell of the explanations make the R Center for Teaching Excellence, and is the author of Absolute book very well suited for self- Constructions in Early Indo-European (Cambridge, 2012). study (…) well designed for use by students with no prior I acquaintance with South Asia, T or with other classical languages’ Lawrence McCrea, Professor 9 7 of Sanskrit Studies, Cornell 8 1 1 University 0 7 0 8 8 2 8 3 : R u p p e l: P P C : C Cover design: Andrew Ward M Y K The Cambridge Introduction to Sanskrit Ideal for courses in beginning Sanskrit or self-study, this textbook employs modern, tried-and- tested pedagogical methods and tools, but requires no prior knowledge of ancient languages or linguistics. Devanāgarī script is introduced over several chapters and used in parallel with trans- literation for several chapters more, allowing students to progress in learning Sanskrit itself while still mastering the script. Students are exposed to annotated original texts in addition to practice sentences very early on, and structures and systems underlying the wealth of forms are clearly explained to facilitate memorisation. All grammar is covered in detail, with chapters dedicated to compounding and nominal derivation, and sections explaining relevant historical phenomena.   Online resources include: ·  Flash cards custom-made for the vocabulary and forms in the book ·  Video tutorials for all chapters ·   Up-to-date links to writing, declension and conjugation exercises and online dictionaries, grammars and textual databases A. M. Ruppel was the Townsend Senior Lecturer in the Greek, Latin and Sanskrit Languages at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY) for nine years, and currently is Head of Sanskrit at St James Senior Boys’ School in Ashford (Surrey), UK. Ruppel has received the Stephen and Margery Russell Dis- tinguished Teaching Award as well as a grant from the Cornell Center for Teaching Excellence, and is the author of Absolute Constructions in Early Indo-European (Cambridge, 2012). THE CAMBRIDGE INTRODUCTION TO Sanskrit A. M. RUPPEL Cornell University, St James Senior Boys’ School University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi – 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107459069 © A. M. Ruppel 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2017 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc. A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ruppel, A. M., author. The Cambridge introduction to Sanskrit / A. M. Ruppel. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2016. LCCN 2016010373 | ISBN 9781107088283 (hardback) LCSH: Sanskrit language – Study and teaching – India. | Indo-European languages – Study and teaching. – India. | BISAC: RELIGION / Buddhism / General (see also PHILOSOPHY / Buddhist). Classification: LCC PK438.I5 R836 2016 | DDC 491/.282421–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016010373 ISBN 978-1-107-08828-3 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-45906-9 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. This book is dedicated to my students. I hope that they have learned as much from me as I have from them. CONTENTS Acknowledgements xiii 2)  How These Categories are Expressed 31 Technical Note I: Verbal Roots, Stems CHAPTER 0  and Verb Classes 32 Studying Sanskrit 1 Technical Note II: Affixes and Why Learn Sanskrit? 1 Endings 33 How to Use This Book 2 Technical Note III: Punctuation Study Techniques 4 Marks 33 Supplementary Materials 5 Further Study – Language and CHAPTER 4  Literature 6 The Present Tense 38 List of Abbreviations 7 Verbal Endings of the Present Notes for the Reader 8 Indicative Active; Class I, IV, VI Verbs 38 CHAPTER 1  Technical Note: Sandhi 39 Writing Sanskrit 9 Writing Single Characters 10 CHAPTER 5  Writing Words 12 Road Map: Nominals 43 Definition 43 CHAPTER 2  1) Case 43 The System of Sanskrit Sounds 18 2) Number 47 Vowels 19 3) Gender 48 Consonants 19 Three Aspects of Nominal Usage 48 Use of this Chapter for Reference 21 ‘Postpositions’ 50 CHAPTER 2A  CHAPTER 6  Word Stress: Heavy and Light a-Stems 57 Syllables 25 a-Stem Nouns 57 a-Stem Adjectives 58 CHAPTER 3  Dictionary Matters 58 Road Map: Verbs 29 Retroflexion of n 59 1)  The Categories of the Syntactic Note: इति and Direct Sanskrit Verb 29 Speech 59 vii CHAPTER 7  CHAPTER 10  Vowel Gradation and Why We Need to Prepositions and Preverbs 101 Know about It 68 Prepositions 101 Vowel Gradation 68 Preverbs 101 Applications: 70 More Internal Sandhi: Vowels and Verb Classes 71 Nasals 104 Class X Presents 71 Causatives 71 CHAPTER 11  Verbal Roots Ending in a Introduction to External Sandhi I: Vowel 72 Consonant Sandhi 109 Verbal Roots Cited in Guṇa 72 Introduction to External Sandhi 109 Consonant Sandhi 110 CHAPTER 8  Absolutives, ta-Participles and CHAPTER 12  Infinitives; Introduction to Internal Imperfect Indicative and Present Sandhi 80 Potential 118 Formation and Meaning of Meaning 118 the Absolutive and the ta- Forms 118 Participle 80 Brief Introduction to Internal Sandhi: CHAPTER 13  internal sandhi before t 82 ī- and ū-Stems; Sandhi II: Visarga Use of Participles and Especially the Sandhi 125 ta-Participle 84 ī- and ū-Stems 125 The Infinitive 85 Regular ī-Stems 125 Root ī-Stems 125 CHAPTER 9  ū-Stems 125 ā-Stems 92 Feminine Nouns Formed from ā-Stem Nouns 92 Masculine Nouns 127 Adjectives 93 Adjective Agreement 127 Adverbs 95 Visarga Sandhi 128 More Internal Sandhi: The Ruki Rule Stylistic Note: Word Repetition 130 on the Retroflexion of s 95 Stylistic Note: ‘to go’ and Abstract CHAPTER 14  Nouns 96 Compound Nouns 137 Syntactic Note: Relative Clauses in a General 137 Nutshell 96 Stems 138 viii