THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE c. 500–1492 Byzantiumlastedathousandyears,ruledtotheendbyself-styled‘emperorsofthe Romans’.Itunderwentkaleidoscopicterritorialandstructuralchanges,yetrecov- eredrepeatedlyfromdisaster:evenafterthenear-impregnableConstantinoplefell in1204,variantformsoftheempirereconstitutedthemselves.TheCambridgeHis- tory of the Byzantine Empire tells the story, tracing political and military events, religiouscontroversiesandeconomicchange.Itoffersclear,authoritativechapters onthemaineventsandperiods,withmoredetailedchaptersonoutlyingregions and neighbouring societies and powers of Byzantium. With aids such as maps, a glossary, an alternative place-name table and references to English translations of sources, it will be valuable as an introduction. However, it also offers stim- ulating new approaches and important findings, making it essential reading for postgraduatesandforspecialists. jonathan shepard wasformanyyearsaLecturerinHistoryattheUniversity ofCambridge,andwasaFellowofSelwynCollegeandofPeterhouse.Heistheco- editor(withSimonFranklin)ofByzantineDiplomacy(1992),co-author(alsowith Simon Franklin) of The Emergence of Rus, 750–1200 (1996), author of Nespokoini s’sedi: b’lgaro-vizantiiska konfrontatsiia, obmen i s’zhitelstvo prez srednite vekove [Uneasy Neighbours: Bulgaro-Byzantine Confrontation, Exchange and Co-exist- enceintheMiddleAges](2007)andeditorofTheExpansionofOrthodoxEurope: Byzantium, the Balkans and Russia (2007). Shepard is Doctor Honoris Causa of StKlimentOhridUniversityinSofia. THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 500 1492 c. – Editedby JONATHAN SHEPARD cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521832311 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2008 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2008 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata TheCambridgehistoryoftheByzantineEmpirec.500–1492/editedby JonathanShepard. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-0-521-83231-1 1.ByzantineEmpire–History–527–1081. 2.ByzantineEmpire–History–1081–1453. I.Shepard,Jonathan. II.Title. df571.c34 2008 949.5(cid:3)02–dc22 2008038886 isbn978-0-521-83231-1hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Listofmaps pageix Listofillustrations xi Listoftables xiv Preface xvii GENERAL INTRODUCTION jonathan shepard FormerlyLecturerinHistory,UniversityofCambridge i ApproachingByzantium 2 ii Periodisationandthecontentsofthisbook 21 iii OtherroutestoByzantium 53 iv Smoothingthewayandshort-cutstoByzantium:textsin translation 76 PART I: THE EARLIER EMPIRE c. 500–c. 700 1 Justinianandhislegacy(500–600) 99 andrew louth, ProfessorofPatristicandByzantine Studies,UniversityofDurham 2 Easternneighbours 2a PersiaandtheSasanianmonarchy(224–651) 130 zeev rubin, ProfessorofAncientHistory,Tel-Aviv University 2b Armenia(400–600) 156 r. w. thomson, FormerlyCalousteGulbenkian ProfessorofArmenianStudies,UniversityofOxford v vi contents 2c TheArabstothetimeoftheProphet 173 lawrence i. conrad, ProfessoroftheHistoryand CultureoftheMiddleEast,Asia–AfricaInstitute,University ofHamburg 3 Westernapproaches(500–600) 196 john moorhead, McCaugheyProfessorofHistory, UniversityofQueensland 4 Byzantiumtransforming(600–700) 221 andrew louth PART II: THE MIDDLE EMPIRE c. 700–1204 5 Stateofemergency(700–850) 251 marie-france auze´py, EmeritusProfessorofHistory, UniversityofParisVIII 6 Aftericonoclasm(850–886) 292 shaun tougher, SeniorLecturerinAncientHistory, CardiffSchoolofHistoryandArchaeology,Cardiff University 7 Religiousmissions 305 sergey a. ivanov, ProfessorofByzantineLiterature, MoscowStateUniversity 8 Armenianneighbours(600–1045) 333 t. w. greenwood, LecturerinMediaevalHistory, UniversityofStAndrews 9 ConfrontingIslam:emperorsversuscaliphs(641–c.850) 365 walter e. kaegi, ProfessorofHistory,Universityof Chicago 10 Westernapproaches(700–900) 395 michael mccormick, FrancisGoeletProfessorof MedievalHistory,HarvardUniversity 11 ByzantineItaly(680–876) 433 thomas s. brown, ReaderinHistory,Universityof Edinburgh 12 ThemiddleByzantineeconomy(600–1204) 465 mark whittow, LecturerinModernHistory,University ofOxford 13 Equilibriumtoexpansion(886–1025) 493 jonathan shepard contents vii 14 Westernapproaches(900–1025) 537 jonathan shepard 15 ByzantiumandsouthernItaly(876–1000) 560 g. a. loud, ProfessorofMedievalItalianHistory, UniversityofLeeds 16 Bellee´poqueorcrisis?(1025–1118) 583 michael angold, ProfessorEmeritusofByzantine History,UniversityofEdinburgh 17 TheempireoftheKomnenoi(1118–1204) 627 paul magdalino, BishopWardlawProfessorof ByzantineHistory,UniversityofStAndrews 18 Balkanborderlands(1018–1204) 664 paul stephenson, ReaderinMedievalHistory, UniversityofDurham 19 Raidersandneighbours:theTurks(1040–1304) 692 d. a. korobeinikov, WolfsonCollege,Universityof Oxford PART III: THE BYZANTINE LANDS IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 1204–1492 20 AftertheFourthCrusade 20a TheGreekrumpstatesandtherecoveryofByzantium 731 michael angold 20b TheLatinempireofConstantinopleandtheFrankish states 759 david jacoby, EmeritusProfessorofHistory,The HebrewUniversityofJerusalem 21 Balkanpowers:Albania,SerbiaandBulgaria(1200–1300) 779 alain ducellier, EmeritusProfessorofHistory, UniversityofToulouse–LeMirail 22 ThePalaiologoiandtheworldaroundthem(1261–1400) 803 angeliki e. laiou, DumbartonOaksProfessorof ByzantineHistory,HarvardUniversity 23 LatinsintheAegeanandtheBalkans(1300–1400) 834 michel balard, EmeritusProfessorofHistory, UniversityofParisI–Panth´eon-Sorbonne viii contents 24 TheRomanorthodoxworld(1393–1492) 852 anthony bryer, EmeritusProfessorofHistory, UniversityofBirmingham Glossary(includingsomepropernames) 881 Genealogicaltablesandlistsofrulers 906 Listofalternativeplacenames 930 Bibliography 936 Notesonuse 936 Abbreviations 938 Primarysources 946 Manuscripts 983 Secondaryworks Generalandfrequentlycitedworks 984 PartI(c.500–c.700) 990 PartII(c.700–1204) 1017 PartIII(1204–1492) 1084 Unpublishedtheses 1117 Pictureacknowledgements 1119 Index 1124 MAPS 1 PhysicalgeographyoftheByzantineworld page12 2 MiddleByzantine‘hot-spots’ 35 3a,b Archaic,andotherlessfamiliar,names 91 4 Anempireofcities:Byzantiumc.500 100 5 EastRomeintowest:expansionunderJustinian 110 6 ConstantinopleintheearlierByzantineperiod 113 7 SasanianPersia 131 8 TheArmenianlandsintheearlierByzantineperiod 158 9 Pre-IslamicArabiaanditsnorthernneighbours 181 10 Landsoftheempireinthewestinthesixthcentury 197 11 Byzantiumtransforming:theempiretowardstheendof theseventhcentury 222 12 Theempireintheeighthandninthcenturies 252 13 Theempireundermilitarisedrule:armyunitsand embryonicthemes,earliereighthcentury 262 14 Administrativeorganisation:themesinthelaterninth century 263 15 Byzantinereligiousmissions 306 16 Armenia591–850 334 17 Armeniaandimperialexpansion850–1045 350 18 TheexpansionofIslam632–850 366 19 ByzantiumversusIslam:thezoneofdirectconfrontation 371 20 Westernneighboursc.700–c.1025 396 21 Italy700–900 434 22 TheByzantineeconomicworld 466 23 Theempireinthetenthandeleventhcenturies 494 24 Administrativeorganisationoftheempireattheendof BasilII’sreignc.1025 534 25 SouthernItalyinthetenthcentury 561 26 Cross-currents:Byzantinebuilding-anddecorativeworks inthelatertenthandeleventhcenturies,andthecourseof theFirstCrusade 594 ix