THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE BIBLE VOLUME 2 THE WEST FROM THE FATHERS TO THE REFORMATION Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE BIBLE VOLUME 2 THE WEST FROM THE FATHERS TO THE REFORMATION EDITED BY G.W. H. LAMPE Ely Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge mm CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1969 First published 1969 First paperback edition 1975 Reprinted 1976, 1980, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1994 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0-521-04255-0 Volume 2 hardback ISBN 0-521-29017-1 Volume 2 paperback ISBN 0-521 -29018-X set of three paperbacks Transferred to digital printing 2004 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS Preface page vii I THE OLD TESTAMENT: MANUSCRIPTS, TEXT AND VERSIONS I by the Rev. Professor Bleddyn J. Roberts, D.D., Professor of Hebrew and Biblical Studies, University College of North Wales, Bangor II THE HISTORY OF THE TEXT AND CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT TO JEROME 27 by the late C. S. C. Williams III EARLY CHRISTIAN BOOK-PRODUCTION: PAPYRI AND MANUSCRIPTS 54 by T. C. Skeat, Keeper of Manuscripts, British Museum IV JEROME 80 by the late Fr E. F. Sutcliffe, S.J., Old Testament Professor at Heythrop College V THE MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF THE LATIN VULGATE IO2 by Raphael Loewe, Lecturer in Hebrew, University College, London VI THE EXPOSITION AND EXEGESIS OF SCRIPTURE 155 1 TO GREGORY THE GREAT 155 by the Rev. G. W. H. Lampe, Ely Professor of Divinity, University of Cambridge 2 FROM GREGORY THE GREAT TO ST BERNARD 183 by Dom Jean Leclercq, O.S.B., D.TH., Professor at the Pontifical Institute S. Anselm, Rome 3 THE BIBLE IN THE MEDIEVAL SCHOOLS J97 by Beryl Smalley, F.B.A., Vice-Principal, St Hilda's College, Oxford 4 THE BIBLE IN LITURGICAL USE 220 by the Rev. S. J. P. van Dijk, O.F.M. 5 THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE IN MEDIEVAL JUDAISM 252 by Erwin I. J. Rosenthal, LITT.D., Reader in Oriental Studies, University of Cambridge Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 VII THE 'PEOPLE'S BIBLE': ARTISTS AND COMMENTATORS page 280 by the Very Rev. R. L. P. Milburn ,Dean of Worcester VIII BIBLE ILLUSTRATION IN MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPTS 309 by Professor Francis Wormald, formerly Director of the Institute of Historical Research, London University IX THE VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES 338 1 THE GOTHIC BIBLE 338 by M. J. Hunter 2 ENGLISH VERSIONS OF THE SCRIPTURES BEFORE WYCLIF 362 by Geoffrey Shepherd, Professor of English Medieval Language and Literature, University of Birmingham 3 THE WYCLIFFITE VERSIONS 387 by Henry Hargreaves, Lecturer in English, University of Aberdeen 4 VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN GERMANY AND THE LOW COUNTRIES BEFORE 15OO 41$ by W. B. Lockwood, D.LITT., Professor of Germanic and Indo- European Philology, University of Reading 5 VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN FRANCE 436 by C. A. Robson, Fellow of Merton College and Lecturer in French Philology and Old French Literature, University of Oxford ft VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN ITALY 452 by Kenelm Foster, O.P., Lecturer in Italian, University of Cambridge 7 VERNACULAR SCRIPTURES IN SPAIN 465 by Margherita Morreale, Professor of Spanish Language and Literature, University of Bari X ERASMUS IN RELATION TO THE MEDIEVAL BIBLICAL TRADITION 492 by Fr Louis Bouyer, D.D., of the French Oratory, formerly Professor in the Faculty of Theology of the Institut Catholique de Paris Bibliography 509 Notes on the Plates 536 Plates between pages 540-1 Indexes 541 VI Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PREFACE The present volume, a companion to The Cambridge History of the Bible: The West from the Reformation to the Present Day, edited by Professor S. L. Greenslade, is principally concerned with the history of the Bible in medieval western Europe. The era of the Reformation clearly represents a dividing line in the story of the Bible in western Europe, as in the history of western Christianity itself. A proper starting-point for this volume is not so easy to determine. The Scriptures themselves grew out of the living traditions of Israel and of the Christian Church. They embody the historical memory of a community, its pattern of life and worship, its traditional preaching, and catechetical and ethical teaching. A history of the Bible, however, presupposes the existence of a Canon of Scripture. It must deal with a distinct collection of literature already accepted as authoritative and normative for the thought and practice of the com- munity in which its component parts had come into being. This volume, therefore, begins at a time when the books of the Bible were already in existence. It can take no account of the process, itself the most important part of the history of the Bible, by which the living tradition of Israel came to find expression in the individual books of the Law, the Prophets and the Writings, and by which the Christian gospel found its literary form in the fourfold Gospel and came to be reflected in the other books which later became the New Testament. These and similar matters, which fall outside the scope of this volume, will receive detailed treatment in a further volume, the first in chronological order, The Cambridge History of the Bible: from the Beginnings to Jerome. The first three chapters of this volume give a kind of retrospective survey of matters more fully dealt with in the other volume, on the ground that readers primarily concerned with the medieval period would find such a summary useful: the volume is in that sense self-contained. Indeed, the process by which these particular books came to be recognized as uniquely authoritative, as the fountain-head of the Church's continuing tradition and as the standard to which that tradition must constantly be referred, cannot be ignored in a work which treats of the subsequent history of these vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Preface books as a single 'Holy Bible'. The first two chapters accordingly provide a backward glance to the history, first of the text of the Old Testament in Hebrew and in other versions, and of the final stages in the formation of its Canon, and secondly of the recognition of the canonicity of the New Testament and of the development of its textual tradition. Other chapters describe the process by which the Scriptures have been handed down: the methods of book-production in the early centuries, the nature of the papyri and the other manuscripts which comprise the oldest witnesses to the scriptural text; and also the methods and materials used by the copyists and illuminators of the middle ages. The central part of the volume discusses the exposition and exegesis of the Bible. Five aspects of this have been selected. The first is the patristic exegesis which, building on the reinterpretation of the Old Testament which had already been carried out in the primitive Church, interprets the Scriptures of both Testaments as a book about Christ and the Church and finds in them an armoury for apologetic, and a guide both in doctrinal controversy and in the edification of believers. The second and third show the way in which the Bible became, less in the form of a book as such than of an influence which permeated the Church's devotional life, the basis of medieval European culture, especially in the monasteries and the schools. The fourth aspect is specifically liturgical: the embodiment of scriptural material in the actual forms of public worship. The fifth is different: the opposing tradition of Jewish exegesis in which the Hebrew Scriptures were ex- pounded outside the framework of the Catholic Church's life and thought but which at the same time exerted influences on Christian thinking which affected subsequent history. The permeation of European culture by the Scriptures is illustrated by the presentation of biblical themes in medieval art and by the history of the translation of the Scriptures into the vernacular speech of western European countries. Particular attention has been paid in this book to the early history of the English Bible, but consideration has also been given to the vernacular Bible on the Continent, especially in Spain where the history of the vernacular Scriptures has been relatively little studied and where the contact between Christians and Jews produced particularly interesting results. vm Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Preface A select bibliography for each chapter has been appended. So far as possible, footnotes to the chapters have been kept to the minimum, but the detailed history of the Latin Vulgate text, which is necessarily highly complex, has required the addition of a special system of refer- ences which will be found in the bibliography. The volume has been some ten years in preparation. It is only just to the contributors to point out that some articles were written in 1957-9. In bringing the volume to completion and seeing it through the press, the editor has been assisted by the officers of the Cambridge University Press. IX Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008