the cambridge history of RUSSIA ThesecondvolumeofTheCambridgeHistoryofRussiacoversthe imperial period (1689–1917). It encompasses political, economic, social,cultural,diplomaticandmilitaryhistory.AllthemajorRus- sian social groups have separate chapters and the volume also includessurveysonthenon-Russianpeoplesandthegovernment’s policiestowardsthem.Itaddressesthemessuchaswomen,law, theOrthodoxChurch,thepoliceandtherevolutionarymovement. Thevolume’ssevenchaptersondiplomaticandmilitaryhistory, andonRussia’sevolutionasagreatpower,makeitthemostdetailed studyoftheseissuesavailableinEnglish.Thecontributorscome fromtheUSA,UK,RussiaandGermany:mostareinternationally recognised as leading scholars in their fields, and some emerg- ingyoungeracademicsengagedinacutting-edgeresearchhave alsobeenincluded.Noothersinglevolumeinanylanguageoffers so comprehensive, expert and up-to-date an analysis of Russian historyinthisperiod. dominic lievenisProfessorofRussianGovernmentattheLon- donSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience.Hisbooksinclude Russia’sRulersundertheOldRegime(1989)andEmpire:TheRussian EmpireanditsRivals(2000). Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 the cambridge history of RUSSIA ThisisadefinitivenewhistoryofRussiafromearlyRus’tothe successorstatesthatemergedafterthecollapseoftheSovietUnion. VolumeIencompassesdevelopmentsbeforethereignofPeterI; volumeIIcoversthe‘imperialera’,fromPeter’stimetothefallof themonarchyinMarch1917;andvolumeIIIcontinuesthestory throughtotheendofthetwentiethcentury.Atthecoreofallthree volumesaretheRussians,thelandswhichtheyhaveinhabitedand the polities that ruled them while other peoples and territories havealsobeengivegenerouscoveragefortheperiodswhenthey cameunderRiurikid,RomanovandSovietrule.Thedistinctvoices ofindividualcontributorsprovideamultitudeofperspectiveson Russia’sdiverseandcontroversialmillennialhistory. Volumesintheseries VolumeI FromEarlyRus’to1689 EditedbyMaureenPerrie VolumeII ImperialRussia,1689–1917 EditedbyDominicLieven VolumeIII TheTwentiethCentury EditedbyRonaldGrigorSuny Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF RUSSIA * VOLUME II 1689 1917 Imperial Russia, – * Editedby DOMINIC LIEVEN LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521815291 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2006 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2006 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary isbn-13978-0-521-81529-1hardback isbn-100-521-81529-0hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal orthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatany contentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents Listofplates ix Listofmaps xi Notesoncontributors xii Acknowledgements xvi Noteonthetext xvii Listofabbreviationsinnotesandbibliography xviii Chronology xx Introduction 1 dominic lieven part i EMPIRE 1 · Russiaasempireandperiphery 9 dominic lieven 2 · Managingempire:tsaristnationalitiespolicy 27 theodore r. weeks 3 · Geographiesofimperialidentity 45 mark bassin part ii CULTURE, IDEAS, IDENTITTIES 4 · Russiancultureintheeighteenthcentury 67 lindsey hughes v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 5 · Russianculture:1801–1917 92 rosamund bartlett 6 · Russianpoliticalthought:1700–1917 116 gary m. hamburg 7 · Russiaandthelegacyof1812 145 alexander m. martin part iii NON-RUSSIAN NATIONALITIES 8· UkrainiansandPoles 165 timothy snyder 9· Jews 184 benjamin nathans 10· IslamintheRussianEmpire 202 vladimir bobrovnikov part iv RUSSIAN SOCIETY, LAW AND ECONOMY 11· Theelites 227 dominic lieven 12· Thegroupsbetween:raznochintsy,intelligentsia,professionals 245 elise kimerling wirtschafter 13· NizhniiNovgorodinthenineteenthcentury:portraitofacity 264 catherine evtuhov 14· RussianOrthodoxy:Church,peopleandpoliticsinImperialRussia 284 gregory l. freeze 15· Women,thefamilyandpubliclife 306 barbara alpern engel vi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 16· GenderandthelegalorderinImperialRussia 326 michelle lamarche marrese 17· Law,thejudicialsystemandthelegalprofession 344 jorg baberowski 18· Peasantsandagriculture 369 david moon 19· TheRussianeconomyandbankingsystem 394 boris ananich part v GOVERNMENT 20· Centralgovernment 429 zhand p. shakibi 21· Provincialandlocalgovernment 449 janet m. hartley 22· Statefinances 468 peter waldron part vi FOREIGN POLICY AND THE ARMED FORCES 23· PetertheGreatandtheNorthernWar 489 paul bushkovitch 24· Russianforeignpolicy,1725–1815 504 hugh ragsdale 25· Theimperialarmy 530 william c. fuller, jr 26· Russianforeignpolicy,1815–1917 554 david schimmelpenninck van der oye vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 27· Thenavyin1900:imperialism,technologyandclasswar 575 nikolai afonin part vii REFORM, WAR AND REVOLUTION 28· ThereignofAlexanderII:awatershed? 593 larisa zakharova 29· Russianworkersandrevolution 617 reginald e. zelnik 30· Policeandrevolutionaries 637 jonathan w. daly 31· Warandrevolution,1914–1917 655 eric lohr Bibliography 670 Index 711 viii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plates The plates can be found after the Index 1 Imperialmythology:PetertheGreatexaminesyoungRussiansreturningfrom studyabroad.FromRusskiivoennyiflot,StPetersburg,1908. 2 Imperialgrandeur:theGreatPalace(CatherinePalace)atTsarskoeSelo.Author’s collection. 3 AlexanderI:thevictoroverNapoleon.FromRusskiivoennyiflot,StPetersburg, 1908. 4 AlexanderIIaddressestheMoscownobilityontheemancipationoftheserfs. ReproducedcourtesyofJohnMasseyStewartPictureLibrary. 5 MikhailLomonosov:thegrandfatherofmodernRussianculture.Reproduced courtesyofJohnMasseyStewartPictureLibrary. 6 GavrilDerzhavin;poetandminister.ReproducedcourtesyofJohnMassey StewartPictureLibrary. 7 SergeiRachmaninov:Russianmusicconquerstheworld.Reproducedcourtesyof JohnMasseyStewartPictureLibrary. 8 TheConservatoireinStPetersburg.Author’scollection. 9 CountMuravev(Amurskii):imperialpro-consul.ByA.V.Makovskii(1869–1922). ReproducedcourtesyofJohnMasseyStewartPictureLibraryandIrkutskFine ArtsMuseum. 10 Imperialstatuary:themonumenttoKhmel’nitskiiinKiev.Reproducedcourtesy ofJohnMasseyStewartPictureLibrary. 11 Tiflis:RussiainAsia?ReproducedcourtesyofJohnMasseyStewartPicture Library. 12 NizhniiNovgorod:akeycentreofRussiancommerce.Reproducedcourtesyof JohnMasseyStewartPictureLibrary. 13 Rurallife:anaristocraticcountrymansion.Author’scollection. 14 Rurallife:acentralRussianvillagescene.Author’scollection. 15 Rurallife:thenorthernforestzone.Author’scollection. 16 Rurallife:theSteppe.Author’scollection. 17 Navalratings:thenarodinuniform.FromRusskiivoennyiflot,StPetersburg,1908. 18 Sinewsofpower?NavalofficersintheStPetersburgshipyards.Russkiivoennyiflot, StPetersburg,1908. 19 ThebattleshipPotemkinfittingout.Russkiivoennyiflot,StPetersburg,1908. ix Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008