the cambridge history of RUSSIA ThisfirstvolumeoftheCambridgeHistoryofRussiacoversthe periodfromearly(‘Kievan’)Rus’tothestartofPetertheGreat’s reignin1689.ItsurveysthedevelopmentofRussiathroughthe Mongol invasions to the expansion of the Muscovite state in thesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesanddealswithpolitical, social,economicandculturalissuesundertheRiurikidandearly Romanovrulers.Thevolumeisorganisedonaprimarilychrono- logicalbasis,butanumberofgeneralthemesarealsoaddressed, includingthebasesofpoliticallegitimacy;lawandsociety;theinter- actionsofRussiansandnon-Russians;andtherelationshipofthe statewiththeOrthodoxChurch.Theinternationalteamofauthors incorporatesthelatestRussianandWesternscholarshipandoffers anauthoritativenewaccountoftheformative‘pre-Petrine’period ofRussianhistory,beforetheprocessofEuropeanisationhadmade asignificantimpactonsocietyandculture. Maureen Perrie isEmeritusProfessorofRussianHistoryat theUniversityofBirmingham.Shehaspublishedextensivelyon Russianhistoryfromthesixteenthtothetwentiethcentury.Her publications include Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia: The False Tsars of the Time of Troubles (1995) and TheCultofIvantheTerribleinStalin’sRussia(2001). Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 the cambridge history of RUSSIA ThisisadefinitivenewhistoryofRussiafromearlyRus’tothe successorstatesthatemergedafterthecollapseoftheSovietUnion. VolumeIencompassesdevelopmentsbeforethereignofPeterI; volumeIIcoversthe‘imperialera’,fromPeter’stimetothefallof themonarchyinMarch1917;andvolumeIIIcontinuesthestory throughtotheendofthetwentiethcentury.Atthecoreofallthree volumesaretheRussians,thelandswhichtheyhaveinhabitedand the polities that ruled them while other peoples and territories havealsobeengivengenerouscoveragefortheperiodswhenthey cameunderRiurikid,RomanovandSovietrule.Thedistinctvoices ofindividualcontributorsprovideamultitudeofperspectiveson Russia’sdiverseandcontroversialmillennialhistory. Volumesintheseries VolumeI FromEarlyRus’to1689 EditedbyMaureenPerrie VolumeII ImperialRussia,1689–1917 EditedbyDominicLieven VolumeIII TheTwentiethCentury EditedbyRonaldGrigorSuny Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF RUSSIA * VOLUME I 1689 From Early Rus’ to * Editedby MAUREEN PERRIE UniversityofBirmingham Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521812276 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2006 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2006 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary isbn-13978-0-521-81227-6hardback isbn-100-521-81227-5hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal orthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatany contentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents Listofplates viii Listofmaps ix Listoffigures x Listofgenealogicaltables xi Notesoncontributors xii Acknowledgements xv Noteondatesandtransliteration xvi Chronology xvii Listofabbreviations xxii 1· Introduction 1 maureen perrie 2· Russia’sgeographicalenvironment 19 denis j. b. shaw part i EARLY RUS’ AND THE RISE OF MUSCOVY (c.900–1462) 3· TheoriginsofRus’(c.900–1015) 47 jonathan shepard 4· KievanRus’(1015–1125) 73 simon franklin 5· TheRus’principalities(1125–1246) 98 martin dimnik v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 6· North-easternRussiaandtheGoldenHorde(1246–1359) 127 janet martin 7· TheemergenceofMoscow(1359–1462) 158 janet martin 8· MedievalNovgorod 188 v. l. ianin part ii THE EXPANSION, CONSOLIDATION AND CRISIS OF MUSCOVY (1462– 1613) 9· ThegrowthofMuscovy(1462–1533) 213 donald ostrowski 10· IvanIV(1533–1584) 240 sergei bogatyrev 11· FedorIvanovichandBorisGodunov(1584–1605) 264 a. p. pavlov 12· Thepeasantry 286 richard hellie 13· Townsandcommerce 298 denis j. b. shaw 14· Thenon-ChristianpeoplesontheMuscovitefrontiers 317 michael khodarkovsky 15· TheOrthodoxChurch 338 david b. miller 16· Thelaw 360 richard hellie 17· Politicalideasandrituals 387 michael s. flier vi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 18· TheTimeofTroubles(1603–1613) 409 maureen perrie part iii RUSSIA UNDER THE FIRST ROMANOVS (1613– 1689) 19· Thecentralgovernmentanditsinstitutions 435 marshall poe 20· Localgovernmentandadministration 464 brian davies 21· Muscovyatwarandpeace 486 brian davies 22· Non-Russiansubjects 520 michael khodarkovsky 23· Theeconomy,tradeandserfdom 539 richard hellie 24· Lawandsociety 559 nancy shields kollmann 25· Urbandevelopments 579 denis j. b. shaw 26· Popularrevolts 600 maureen perrie 27· TheOrthodoxChurchandtheschism 618 robert o. crummey 28· Culturalandintellectuallife 640 lindsey hughes Bibliography 663 Index 722 vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Plates The plates can be found after the Index 1 Warriorandwoman(chamber-graveburial).ImagecourtesyofKirill Mikhailov,StPetersburg 2 CoinsofVladimirI.CourtesyofFitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge 3 MosaicoftheMotherofGod,inStSophia,Kiev 4 StLuketheEvangelist,fromtheOstromirGospel 5 MosaicofStMark,inStSophia,Kiev 6 IconofSaintsBorisandGleb 7 ThedefeatofPrinceIgor’:miniaturesfromtheRadzivilChronicle 8 ThechurchofStParaskevaPiatnitsa,Chernigov.PhotographbyMartin Dimnik 9 The‘Novgorodpsalter’.ReproducedbypermissionofV.L.Ianin 10 GrandPrinceVasiliiIII 11 Russiancavalrymen 12 Royalhelmets.CourtesyoftheRoyalArmoury,Stockholm(12a)and HelsinkiUniversityLibrary(12b) 13 TheGreatBannerofIvanIV 14 ARussianmerchant 15 CathedraloftheDormition,Moscow.PhotographbyWilliamBrumfield 16 CeremonyinfrontofStBasil’scathedral 17 AnointingofTsarMichael 18 PalmSundayritual 19 TsarMichael 20 TsarAlexis 21 Corporalpunishments 22 Seventeenth-centurydress 23 Popularentertainments 24 ChurchoftheHolyTrinityatNikitniki.PhotographbyLindseyHughes 25 ChurchoftheIntercessionatFili.PhotographbyLindseyHughes 26 WoodenpalaceatKolomenskoe.EngravingfromLindseyHughes’s collection 27 Print:TheMiceBurytheCat.BycourtesyofE.V.Anisimov 28 TsarevnaSophiaAlekseevna.EngravingfromLindseyHughes’s collection viii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Maps 2.1 TheEastEuropeanplainatthecloseofthemedievalperiod page22 5.1 TheRus’principalitiesby1246 124 9.1 TheexpansionofMuscovy,1462–1533 214 11.1 Russiain1598 271 21.1 Russia’swesternborders,1618 489 21.2 Russia’swesternborders,1689 515 22.1 RussianexpansioninSiberiato1689 526 25.1 Townsinmid-seventeenth-centuryEuropeanRussia 584 ix Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008