THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF IRAN Volume 7 FROM NADIR SHAH TO THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC edited by PETER AVERY Lecturer in Persian, University of Cambridge GAVIN HAMBLY Professor of History, The University of Texas at Dallas and CHARLES MELVILLE Lecturer in Islamic Studies, University of Cambridge CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CAMBRIDGE u n i v e r s i ty press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa~o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8RU, UK Published in the Unites States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521200950 © Cambridge University Press 1991 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1991 Third printing 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in publication data The Cambridge history of Iran Includes bibliographies. Contents: v. 7. From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic, edited by Peter Avery, G.R.G. Hambly and C.P. Melville. 1. Iran -History. I. Fisher, WB. (Williams Bayne) DS272.C34 955 67-12845 ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 BOARD OF EDITORS SIR HAROLD BAILEY 1961- {Chairman 1970- ) Emeritus Professor of Sanskrit University of Cambridge PETER AVERY 1961— {Editorial Secretary 1961—1969) Lecturer in Persian University of Cambridge C.E. BOSWORTH 1970- Professor of Arabic Studies University of Manchester ILYA G E R S H E V I T CH 1970- Emeritus Reader in Iranian Studies University of Cambridge H.S.G. D A R KE 1970— (Editorial Secretary) Formerly Lecturer in Persian University of Cambridge PAST MEMBERS Professor A.J. ARBERRY 1961-1969 {Chairman) r BASIL GRAY 1961—1989 {V ice-Chairman 1970—1989) Professor A.K.S. LAMBTON 1961-1970 Professor R. LEVY 1961-1966 Professor R.C. ZAEHNER 1961-1967 Dr ISA SADIQ 1963-1969 Sayyid HASAN TAQIZADEH 1963-1969 Dr LAURENCE LOCKHART 1964-197 5 Professor J.A. BOYLE 1967-1978 Professor Sir MAX MALLOWAN 1970-1978 C Professor MAHMOUD SANA I 1972-198 5 Professor W.B. FISHER 1979-1984 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PUBLISHER'S NOTE The publication of this volume has been partially supported by the Yarshaters' Fund, Columbia University and by a donation from Prince Abounasr Azod. Thanks are due to A.H. Morton and Bernard O'Kane for obtaining and taking photographs in Tehran. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS List of plates page xi List of text figures xvii List of maps XVlll List of tables XIX Preface XXI PART 1: THE POLITICAL FRAMEWORK, 1722-1979 1 NADIR SHAH AND THE AFSHARID LEGACY 3 by PETER AVERY 2 THE ZAND DYNASTY 63 by JOHN PERRY, Associate Professor of Persian Language and Civilisation, The University of Chicago 3 AGHA MUHAMMAD KHAN AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 104 THE QAJAR DYNASTY by GAVIN R.G. HAMBLY 4 IRAN DURING THE REIGNS OF FATH °ALI SHAH AND 144 MUHAMMAD SHAH by GAVIN R.G. HAMBLY 5 IRAN UNDER THE LATER QAJARS, 1848—1922 174 by NIKKI KEDDIE, Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles and MEHRDAD AMANAT 6 THE PAHLAVI AUTOCRACY: RIZA SHAH, 1921 —1941 213 by GAVIN R.G. HAMBLY 7 THE PAHLAVI AUTOCRACY: MUHAMMAD RIZA SHAH, 244 1941-1979 by GAVIN R.G. HAMBLY Vll Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS PART 2: FOREIGN RELATIONS 8 IRANIAN RELATIONS WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES 297 by STANFORD SHAW, Professor of Turkish and Near Eastern History, University of California, Los Angeles 9 IRANIAN RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION, TO I92I 314 by F. KAZEMZADEH, Professor of History, Yale University 10 IRANIAN RELATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN TRADING COMPANIES, TO 1798 350 by ROSE GREAVES, Professor ofHistory, University of Kansas 11 IRANIAN RELATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN AND BRITISH INDIA, I798-I92I 374 by ROSE GREAVES 12 IRANIAN FOREIGN POLICY, I92I —1979 426 by AM IN SAIKAL, Lecturer in Political Science, The Australian National University, Canberra PART 3: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 13 LAND TENURE AND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 459 by A.K.S. LAMBTON, Emerita Professor of Persian, London University 14 THE TRIBES IN EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH- CENTURY IRAN 506 by RICHARD TAPPER, Reader in Anthropology, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 15 THE TRADITIONAL IRANIAN CITY IN THE QAJAR PERIOD 542 by GAVIN R.G. HAMBLY 16 EUROPEAN ECONOMIC PENETRATION, 1872-I92I 5 90 by CHARLES ISSAWI, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Princeton University 17 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, I92I-I979 608 by K.S. MACLACHLAN, Senior Lecturer in Geography, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 18 THE IRANIAN OIL INDUSTRY 639 by RONALD FERRIER, Historian to the British Petroleum Company Vlll Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS PART 4: RELIGIOUS A ND CULTURAL LIFE, 1721-1979 19 RELIGIOUS FORCES IN EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY IRAN 705 by HAMID ALGAR, Professor of Persian and Islamic Studies, University of California, Berkeley 20 RELIGIOUS FORCES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRAN 732 by HAMID ALGAR 21 POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT, MEDIA AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRAN 765 by PETER CHELKOWSKI, Professor of Persian, New York University 22 PRINTING, THE PRESS AND LITERATURE IN MODERN IRAN 815 by PETER AVERY 23 PERSIAN PAINTING UNDER THE ZAND AND QAJA.R DYNASTIES 87O by B. w. ROBINSON, formerly Keeper Emeritus, Victoria and Albert Museum 24 THE ARTS OF THE EIGHTEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURIES: ARCHITECTURE 890 CERAMICS 930 METALWORK 939 TEXTILES 945 by JENNIFER SCARCE, Curator of Eastern Cultures, National Museums of Scotland Genealogical tables 9 5 n Bibliographies 063 Index IX Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PLATES Between pages 936 and 937 1 A contemporary portrait, said to be of Karim Khan Zand (No. 1 in British Library MS Or. 4988: A. collection ojdrawings", principally royal personages and statesmen at the Persian court). 2 (a) A corner of Karim Khan's arg (citadel) in Shiraz (Photograph, J.R. Perry). (b) Vakil's mosque, Shiraz. Interior of the shabistan (Photograph, J.R. Perry). (c) Karim Khan with his kinsmen and courtiers. Detail of a mural in the Pars Museum, Shiraz (Photograph, J.R. Perry). 3 (a) Karim Khan with his kinsmen and courtiers (Back cover of British Library MS Or. 24904). (b) Karim Khan with his kinsmen and courtiers (Front cover of British Library MS Or. 24904). 4 Majnun visited by his father, by Muhammad Zaman (Collection of Edwin Binney, 3rd). 5 Portrait of Nadir Shah (Commonwealth Relations Office). c 6 Gold enamelled dish, by Muhammad Ja far (Victoria and Albert Museum). 7 Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar seated, with his minister Hajjl Ibrahim standing before him (British Library MS Add. 24903). 8 Pen-box by Sadiq. Pen-box by Najaf. c Spectacles-case by Muhammad Isma ll. Pen-box by Ahmad. Pen-box by Mustafa (Private Collection). C 9 Portrait of Fath A1I Shah, by Mirza Baba (Windsor Castle, Library of H.M. the Queen). 10,11 Mirror-case by Ashraf (Collection of Sir John Pope-Hennessy). xi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PLATES 12 Portrait of Fath All Shah, by Mirza Baba (Commonwealth Relations Office). 13 (a) Rustam and the White Demon, by Mirza Baba and Muhammad Baqir (Private Collection). (b) Mirror-case, by Mirza Baba (Private Collection). 14 (a) Portrait of Fath Ail Shah, by Mihr All (Calcutta, Victoria Memorial Hall). C c (b) Portrait of Fath A1I Shah, by Mihr Ali (Museum of the Palace of Versailles). c 15 Portrait of Abbas Mirza, probably by Muhammad Hasan Khan (Avi- gnon, Museum Calvet). c 16,17 Copy of Nigaristan fresco, by Abd-Allah Khan (India Office Library). 18 Portrait of a girl musician by Abu'l-Qasim (Tehran, Nigaristan Museum. Photograph, Bernard O'Kane). 19 Portrait of a girl, by Muhammad Hasan Khan (Tehran, Museum of Decorative Arts. Photograph, A.H. Morton). 20 Portrait of Fath A.1I Shah, by Ahmad (British Embassy, Tehran). 21 (a) Portrait of a girl, by Muhammad (Tehran, Foroughi Collection). (b) The court of Fath All Shah, by Sayyid Mirza (Tehran, Firuz Collec- tion. Photograph, Bernard O'Kane). c 22 Book-cover: Fath Ali Shah hunting, by Sayyid Mirza (British Museum). C 23 Book-cover: Fath A1I Shah hunting, by Muhammad Baqir (British Museum). c 24 Lid of casket: the siege of Herat, by Muhammad Isma ll (Bern, Historisches Museum). 25 Mirror-case: meeting of Prince Nasir al-DIn and the Tsar at Erivan, by c Muhammad Isma ll (Private Collection). c c 26 Mirror-case: Hazrat Ali, by Muhammad Isma il (Bern, Historisches Museum). 27 Book-cover; floral design and portraits, by Muhammad Kazim (Lenin- grad, Hermitage). 28 (a)(b) Gold enamelled qalyan-bowl, by Muhammad Kazim (Private t Collection). xii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008