THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF AFRICA General Editors: J. D. FAGE and ROLAND OLIVER Volume 3 from c. 1050 to c. 1600 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF AFRICA i From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC edited by J. Desmond Clark 2 From c. 500 BC to AD 1050 edited by J. D. Fage 3 From c. 1050 to c. 1600 edited by Roland Oliver 4 From c. 1600 to c. 1790 edited by Richard Gray 5 From c. 1790 to c. 1870 edited by John Flint 6 From 1870 to 1920 edited by G. N. Sanderson 7 From 1920 to 1942 edited by A. D. Roberts 8 From 1943 to the 19708 edited by Michael Crowder Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF AFRICA Volume 3 from c. 1050 to c. 1600 edited by ROLAND OLIVER CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521209816 © Cambridge University Press 1977 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1977 6th printing 2007 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Cambridge history of Africa Bibliography: v. 3 Includes index. CONTENTS: v. 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600, edited by R. Oliver. 1. Africa - History - Collected works. I. Fage, J.D. II. Oliver, Roland Anthony DT 20. C 28 96o 76-2261 ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS List of maps page ix Preface xi Introduction: some interregional themes i by ROLAND OLIVER, Professor of the History of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1 Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts 10 by IVAN HRBEK, Professor of Oriental History, The Charles University, Prague The Fatimids 10 The Ayyubids 27 The Mamluks 39 Egypt and Nubia 69 The arabization of the Sudan 75 Relations with north-east and East Africa 81 Relations with the Maghrib and West Africa 86 Egypt's role in Africa 95 2 Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn 98 by TADDESSE TAMRAT, Visiting Associate Professor of the History and Literature of Religions, Northwestern University, Evans ton, Illinois The ninth and tenth centuries 99 Christian Ethiopia, c. 1000-1150 108 The Zagwe dynasty, c. 1150-1270 112 The rise of the 'Solomonic' dynasty 123 Islam in Ethiopia and the Horn, c. 1100-1376 134 Further Christian expansion, c. 1376-1468 150 The revival of Muslim power, c. 1468-1543 164 Europe and Christian Ethiopia, c. 1400-1543 177 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS 3 The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean 183 by H. NEVILLE CHITTICK, Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa The earliest Muslim settlements 190 The Shirazi dynasty 201 The Mahdali dynasty at Kilwa 204 The towns of the coast 209 Madagascar 219 The Portuguese 227 4 The eastern Maghrib and the central Sudan 232 by H. J. FISHER, Reader in the History of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London The eastern Maghrib 241 The desert and its trade 259 States of the central Sudan 287 Iron, horses and guns 305 The penetration of Islam 312 j The western Maghrib and Sudan 331 by NEHEMIA LEVTZION, Professor of History, Institute of African and Asian Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Almoravids and Almohads 331 Ghana and its successor states 348 Marinids in Morocco and 'Abd al-Wadids in Tlemcen 354 The hegemony of Mali in the western Sudan 376 Sharifs and Ottomans in the Maghrib 3 96 The hegemony of Songhay 41 j 6 Upper and Lower Guinea 463 by J. D. FAGE, Professor of African History, University of Birmingham Prolegomena and orientations 463 Developments before the arrival of Europeans on the coast 482 The period of European involvement $03 VI Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS 7 Central Africa from Cameroun to the Zambezi 519 by DAVID BIRMINGHAM, Lecturer in the History of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Southern Central Africa 521 Western Central Africa j 3 3 The opening of the Atlantic 542 Northern Central Africa j j 7 8 Southern Africa 567 by DAVID BIRMINGHAM and SHULA MARKS, Lecturers in the History of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London The north-east 569 South of the Limpopo 597 9 The East African interior 621 by ROLAND OLIVER The Later Iron Age 625 The interlacustrine region 630 The central Tanzanian region 646 The Rift Valley region 652 The coastal hinterland 664 bibliographical essays 670 Bibliography 702 Index 749 Vll Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 MAPS i Egypt, Syria and the main trade-routes page 20 2. Nubia 73 3 Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn 99 4 North-eastern Africa - major trade-routes 141 j The Indian Ocean lands 184 6 The East Coast settlements 191 7 Sofala and Madagascar 221 8 The eastern Maghrib and the central Sudan 236 9 The western Maghrib and northern Sahara 332 10 The western Sudan and southern Sahara 350 11 Upper and Lower Guinea 470 12 Central Africa 5 20 13 Southern Central Africa $23 14 Western Central Africa 534 15 Between the Zambezi and the Limpopo 578 16 South of the Limpopo 600 17 The Later Iron Age intrusion 627 18 The interlacustrine region 633 19 The central Tanzanian region 648 20 The Rift Valley region 655 IX Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008