THE CAMBRIDGE HANDBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN There is a growing knowledge base in understanding the differences and similarities between women and men, as well as the diversities among women and sexualities. Althoughgeneticandbiologicalcharacteristicsdefinehumanbeingsconventionallyas womenandmen,theirexperiencesarecontextualizedinmultipledimensionsinterms of gender, sexuality, class, age, ethnicity, and other social dimensions. Beyond the biological and genetic basis of gender differences, gender intersects with culture and othersociallocationswhichaffectthesocializationanddevelopmentofwomenacross their life span. This handbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date resource to understandtheintersectionalityofgenderdifferences,todispelmyths,andtoexamine gender-relevant as well as culturally relevant implications and appropriate interven- tions. Featuring a truly international mix of contributors, and incorporating cross- culturalresearchandcomparativeperspectives,thishandbookwillinformmainstream psychologyoftheinternationalliteratureonthepsychologyofwomenandgender. FANNY M. CHEUNG is Choh-ming Li Professor of Psychology and Vice-President (Research) at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, China. She is also the Founding Chairperson of the Equal Opportunities Commission in Hong Kong and is widely recognizedforherlife-longadvocacyforgenderequality.Heracademicawardsinclude the APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology and the IAAP Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Inter- nationalAdvancementofAppliedPsychology. DIANEF.HALPERNisEmeritaDeanofSocialScienceattheMinervaSchoolsforthe Keck Graduate Institute and McElwee Family Professor of Psychology emerita at Claremont McKenna College, USA. She has won many awards, including the James CattellFellowAwardfromtheAssociationforPsychologicalScienceandtheLifetime AchievementAwardfromWesternPsychologicalAssociation. Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press THE CAMBRIDGE HANDBOOK OF THE INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN Edited by Fanny M. Cheung Chinese University of Hong Kong Diane F. Halpern Claremont McKenna College, California Published online by Cambridge University Press UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108473033 doi:10.1017/9781108561716 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Cheung,FannyM.,editor.|Halpern,DianeF.,editor. Title:TheCambridgehandbookoftheinternationalpsychologyofwomen/[editedby] FannyM.Cheung,DianeF.Halpern. Description:1Edition.|NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2020.|Includesindex. Identifiers:LCCN2019052911(print)|LCCN2019052912(ebook)|ISBN9781108473033 (hardback)|ISBN9781108460903(paperback)|ISBN9781108561716(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Women–Psychology.|Sexdifferences(Psychology)|Sexrole.| Women–Socialaspects. Classification:LCCHQ1206.C23662020(print)|LCCHQ1206(ebook)| DDC155.3/33–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019052911 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019052912 ISBN978-1-108-47303-3Hardback ISBN978-1-108-46090-3Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press Dedication We dedicate this book to all of the women whose lives have been invisibletopsychology–womenfrompartsoftheworldthatarenot included in most textbooks or in the psychological research litera- ture. We cannot have a psychology of women that excludes most of the women in the world. We realize that we have a long way to go before we have an internationally inclusive psychology. Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents ListofFigures pagex ListofTables xii ListofContributors xiii Acknowledgments xvii SECTION1 THE UNDERPINNINGS OF SEX AND GENDER AND HOW TO STUDY THEM 1 InternationalandIntersectionalPerspectivesonthePsychology ofWomen ....................................................................................3 FannyM.CheungandDianeF.Halpern 2 FeministTheoryandMethodologies:CrossingDisciplinaryBoundaries ... 14 RekhaPande,WenLiu,andHsunhuiTseng 3 TheContentsandDiscontentsoftheNature–NurtureDebate ................ 27 StevenW.GangestadandLeiChang 4 Sex,Gender,andSexuality ............................................................ 37 E.SandraByersandKarenBlair 5a SexDifferencesontheBrain:ANetworkingPerspective .......................52 AnnaGrabowska 5b Sex/GenderDifferencesintheBrainandtheirRelationshiptoBehavior ... 63 LiseEliot SECTION2 DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN 6 SexDifferencesinEarlyLife:ACross-CulturalPerspective ................... 83 WangIvyWongandDougP.VanderLaan 7 GenderandAdolescentDevelopmentacrossCultures .......................... 96 YangQu,ShiyuZhang,SylviaChandaKalindi,BeimingYang, andQianWang 8 Fertility,Childbirth,andParenting:DefiningSexualandGender Relations ..................................................................................110 CatrionaIdaMacleodandTracyMorison vii Published online by Cambridge University Press viii CONTENTS 9 ThreeWaysthatAgingAffectsWomenDifferentlyfromMen:Menopause, ChangesinPhysicalAppearance,andCaregiving .............................. 124 AmberXuqianChen,VivianHiu-LingTsang,TzeKiuWong, HeleneH.Fung,andLiatAyalon SECTION3 COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL FACTORS 10 Sex,Gender,andIntelligence:DoesXX=XYforIntelligence? ............. 139 DianeF.Halpern,CarmenFlores-Mendoza,andHeinerRindermann 11 AttheCrossroadsofWomen’sExperience:Insightsfromand IntersectionsbetweenMotivation,Emotion,Gender,andCulture ......... 153 JoyceS.PangandNicolaBaumann 12 GenderandPersonalityResearchinPsychology:TheNeedfor Intersectionality .........................................................................167 SumayaLaher,FannyM.Cheung,andPiaZeinoun 13 SelfhoodandSelf-Construal ......................................................... 179 AlgaeK.Y.Au,SylviaXiaohuaChen,andSusanE.Cross 14 CulturalInfluencesonBodyImageandBodyEsteem ........................ 190 ElysiaG.SotiriouandGermineH.Awad 15 TheNotSoSubtleandStatusQuoMaintainingNatureofEveryday Sexism .....................................................................................205 TheresaK.VescioandNataszaKosakowska-Berezecka 16 AGenderedLightonEmpathy,ProsocialBehavior,andForgiveness ..... 221 RachelKarniolandSabinaČehajić-Clancy 17 TheImpactofGenderandCultureinConsumerBehavior .................. 244 SharonNg,MehakBharti,andNatalieTruongFaust 18 EvolutionaryRootsofWomen’sAggression:Causes,Contexts,and Consequences ............................................................................258 AdamC.Davis,TracyVaillancourt,andJohnArcher SECTION4 WORK AND FAMILY ISSUES 19 CareerDevelopmentofWomen:AnInternationalPerspective .............. 275 S.AlvinLeungandRachelGaliCinamon 20 ThePsychologyofWomeninEntrepreneurship:AnInternational Perspective ............................................................................... 289 ElsaT.Chan,PokManTang,andShihuiChen 21 Women’sLeadershipacrossCultures:Intersections,Barriers, andLeadershipDevelopment ........................................................300 RebeccaJ.Reichard,LeslieL.Trainor,KristaL.Jensen,and InmaculadaMacias-Alonso 22 OccupationalHealthPsychologyandWomeninAsianContexts ........... 317 Oi-lingSiu,HaijiangWang,andMilanPagon 23 Work–FamilyInterfaceandCrossoverEffects:Exploringforthe EffectsofGender ....................................................................... 329 UjvalaRajadhyakshaandAyseBurcinBaskurt 24 IntimateRelationships ................................................................ 342 AhvaRashinMozafariandXiaomengXu Published online by Cambridge University Press CONTENTS ix 25 ContextualizingtheManyFacesofDomesticViolence:AFocusonthe GlobalSouth .............................................................................355 MzikaziNduna,SibusisoMkwananzi,NaomiN.Wekwete,and MatamelaMakongoza SECTION5 INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 26 Girls,Boys,andSchools:OnGender(In)equalitiesinEducation .......... 375 MichalBerkowitz,ElsbethStern,SarahHofer,andAnneDeiglmayr 27 UnderstandingGenderInequalityinPovertyandSocialExclusion throughaPsychologicalLens:Scarcities,Stereotypes,and Suggestions .............................................................................. 390 MaryF.ZhangandDavidGordon 28 UnderstandingWomen’sAntisocialandCriminalBehavior:AGlobal Review .....................................................................................402 Hua(Sara)ZhongandJudithA.Ryder 29 SexualAssault ........................................................................... 417 MaryP.Koss,MajHansen,ElizabethJ.Anderson,Maria Hardeberg-Bach,andRikkeHolm-Bramsen 30 InterculturalRelationships,MigrantWomen,andIntersection ofIdentities .............................................................................. 434 EmikoKashimaandSabaSafdar SECTION6 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 31 HappinessacrossCulturesandGenders:Universals,Variations, andRemainingQuestions ............................................................ 451 ChuKim-Prieto,MeganHeye,andKaiMangino 32 WomenunderPressure:TheIntersectionofStressandTraumawith AspectsofGender ...................................................................... 459 GillianEagle,SusanAyers,CharityMkone,andMapuleMoroke 33 GenderandWomen’sSexualandReproductiveHealth .......................472 MichelleJ.HindinandFunmilolaOlaOlorun 34 PhysicalHealth:Women’sSexualEmbodimentafterCancer ................483 ChloeParton,JaneM.Ussher,JanettePerz,andLisaR.Rubin 35 WomenandSuicidalBehavior:Paradigm-ShiftLessonsfromChina ......497 SilviaSaraCanettoandJiashunChen 36 SexandGenderinPsychopathology ............................................... 514 ElizabethK.LeflerandCynthiaM.Hartung 37 WomenandPsychotherapy:“WomenHoldUpHalftheSky” ............... 526 ChangmingDuanandMariadelPilarGrazioso EPILOGUE SOME FINAL THOUGHTS AND TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 38 PartingThoughts ....................................................................... 543 DianeF.HalpernandFannyM.Cheung Index 547 Published online by Cambridge University Press Figures 10.1 PercentageoffemalesandmalesaccordingtoIQbasedongextracted fromabatteryofsixreasoningtests,andgextractedfromthesame batterywithoutMechanicalReasoning(figuresbasedonthestudy conductedbyFlores-Mendozaetal.,2013). page142 10.2 Overlapoftwodistributions,albeithavingasystematicmean difference. 143 10.3 ProportionsofmalesandfemalesinIQscoresfromthepopulation bornin1936andtestedintheScottishMentalSurveyof1947atthe ageof11(Johnsonetal.,2008,fig.2). 143 10.4 Distributions,probabilities,andratiosasafunctionofagemeans andSDs.(Nyborg,2015,fig.8). 144 10.5 Exampleofamentalrotationtask,includingacognitivelysimilar mentalfoldingtask(Miller&Halpern,2014,fig.1). 145 11.1 Mediationmodelwithanindirecteffectfromgenderthrough failure-relatedactionorientation,implicitfearoffailure,andexplicit achievementmotivationtowell-being. 161 25.1 MapshowingregionsoftheworlddesignatedastheglobalSouthand globalNorth. 355 25.2 Thelifetimeprevalenceratesofphysicaland/orsexualformsof domesticviolenceamongever-partneredwomenaged15–69years. 357 25.3 Theprevalenceofwomenexperiencingphysicalformsofdomestic violence. 359 25.4 Theprevalenceofwomenexperiencingsexualformsofdomestic violence. 359 25.5 Theprevalenceofwomenexperiencingphysicalorsexualviolence, committedbyacurrentpartnerorahusband. 360 25.6 Thelifetimeprevalenceofphysicaland/orsexualintimate-partner violenceamongever-partneredwomenaged15–19yearsbyWHO IncomeRegion. 361 26.1 Numberofcountriesshowingeithernogenderdifference,boys’ advantageorgirls’advantageinPISAandTIMSSmathandscience assessmentsin2015(originalfigureusingdataretrievedfromMartin, Mullis,Foy,&Hooper,2016;Mullis,Martin,Foy,&Hooper,2016; OECD,2016). 377 35.1 Age-standardizedsuicideratesinChina,India,Japan,theRussian Federation,SouthKorea,andtheUnitedStates,andglobalaverage, 1990–2017(adaptedfromInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation. “GlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2017DataResources,”copyright2018 byUniversityofWashington). 498 x Published online by Cambridge University Press