This page intentionally left blank TheCambridgeHandbookofLinguisticCode-switching Code-switching–thealternatinguseoftwolanguagesinthesamestretch ofdiscoursebyabilingualspeaker–isadominanttopicinthestudyof bilingualismandaphenomenonthatgeneratesagreatdealofpointed discussioninthepublicdomain.Thishandbookprovidesthemost comprehensiveguidetothisbilingualphenomenontodate.Drawingon empiricaldatafromawiderangeoflanguagepairings,theleadingresearchers inthestudyofbilingualismexaminethelinguistic,social,andcognitive implicationsofcode-switchinginup-to-dateandaccessiblesurveychapters. TheCambridgeHandbookofLinguisticCode-switchingwillserveasavitalresource foradvancedundergraduateandgraduatestudents,asawide-ranging overviewforlinguists,psychologistsandspeechscientists,andasan informativeguideforeducatorsinterestedinbilingualspeechpractices. barbara e. bullock isProfessorofLinguisticsandFrenchinthe DepartmentofFrenchandFrancophoneStudiesatThePennsylvaniaState University. almeida jacqueline toribio isProfessorofLinguisticsandSpanish LinguisticsintheDepartmentofSpanish,Italian,andPortugueseatThe PennsylvaniaStateUniversity. CAMBRIDGE HANDBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS Genuinelybroadinscope,eachhandbookinthisseriesprovidesacomplete state-of-the-fieldoverviewofamajorsub-disciplinewithinlanguagestudyand research.Groupedintobroadthematicareas,thechaptersineachvolume encompassthemostimportantissuesandtopicswithineachsubject,offering acoherentpictureofthelatesttheoriesandfindings.Together,thevolumes willbuildintoanintegratedoverviewofthedisciplineinitsentirety. Publishedtitles TheCambridgeHandbookofPhonology,editedbyPauldeLacy TheCambridgeHandbookofLinguisticCode-switching,editedbyBarbaraE.Bullock andAlmeidaJacquelineToribio TheCambridgeHandbookofChildLanguage,editedbyEdithL.Bavin Furthertitlesplannedfortheseries TheCambridgeHandbookofSociolinguistics,editedbyRajendMesthrieandWalt Wolfram TheCambridgeHandbookofEndangeredLanguages,editedbyPeterAustin The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching Edited by Barbara E. Bullock and Almeida Jacqueline Toribio CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521875912 © Cambridge University Press 2009 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-50858-5 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87591-2 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of figures page vii Listoftables viii Listofcontributors ix Acknowledgements xi Aimsandcontent xii Listofabbreviations xiv 1 Themesinthestudyofcode-switching BarbaraE.Bullock andAlmeidaJacquelineToribio 1 PartI Conceptualandmethodologicalconsiderationsin code-switchingresearch 19 2 Researchtechniquesforthestudyofcode- switching MarianneGullberg,PeterIndefrey,andPieterMuysken 21 3 Onthenotionsofcongruenceandconvergencein code-switching MarkSebba 40 4 Code-switchingandtransfer:anexplorationofsimilarities anddifferences JeanineTreffers-Daller 58 5 Loantranslationsversuscode-switching AdBackusand MargreetDorleijn 75 PartII Socialaspectsofcode-switching 95 6 Sociolinguisticfactorsincode-switching Penelope Gardner-Chloros 97 7 TheConversationAnalyticmodelofcode-switching Joseph Gafaranga 114 8 Code-switchingandtheinternet MargreetDorleijn andJacomineNortier 127 9 Phoneticaccommodationinchildren’s code-switching GhadaKhattab 142 vi CONTENTS PartIII Thestructuralimplicationsofcode-switching 161 10 Phoneticreflexesofcode-switching BarbaraE.Bullock 163 11 Code-switchingbetweentypologicallydistinct languages BrianHok-ShingChan 182 12 Languagemixinginbilingualchildren:code- switching? NataschaMu¨llerandKatjaFrancescaCantone 199 13 Code-switchingbetweensignlanguages DavidQuinto-Pozos 221 PartIV Psycholinguisticsandcode-switching 239 14 Code-switchingandlanguagedisordersinbilingual children AdeleW.Miccio,CarolScheffnerHammer, andBa´rbaraRodr´ıguez 241 15 Code-switching,imperfectacquisition, andattrition AgnesBolonyai 253 16 Code-switchingandthebilingualmental lexicon LongxingWei 270 17 Code-switchingandthebrain MartaKutas,EvaMoreno, andNicoleWicha 289 PartV Formalmodelsofcode-switching 307 18 Generativeapproachestocode-switching JeffMacSwan 309 19 Auniversalmodelofcode-switchingandbilingual languageprocessingandproduction CarolMyers-Scotton andJaniceJake 336 References 358 Indexofsubjects 416 Indexoflanguages 421 Figures Figure7.1 Approachestolanguagealternationinbilingual conversation page 119 Figure9.1 PhoneticpatternsofEnglishcode-switches producedbyeachofthebilingualsduringa 45-minuteArabicsessionwiththeirmothers (N=337) 150 Figure10.1 WaveformofEnglishcatshowinglongvoicinglag andaccompanyingaspirationforinitial/k/ betweentheverticallines 168 Figure12.1 TheThree-Stage-Model 210 Figure12.2 Thearchitectureofthebilingual(Italian–German) languagefaculty,followingMacSwan(2000) 214 Figure16.1 Lemmaactivationinspeechproduction(adapted fromLevelt1989) 271 Figure16.2 Lemmaactivationinthebilingualmentallexicon (adaptedfromMyers-ScottonandJake2000) 273 Figure16.3 Abilinguallemmaactivationmodel(adapted fromLevelt1989) 279 Figure18.1 Modeloftheminimalistframework 322 Tables Table2.1 Schematicoverviewofthestudieson Finnish–English code-switching page 24 Table2.2 Experimentaltasksandexamplestudies 27 Table2.3 Taskandoutputmodes 38 Table5.1 Synchronicanddiachronicinstantiations ofcontactphenomena,classifiedbythenature ofthesourcematerial 79 Table8.1 Advantagesofthreetypesofinternetdata forcode-switchingresearch 133 Table11.1Code-switchingbetweenaVOandanOVlanguage: optionsoftheprocessor 193 Table11.2Code-switchingbetweenlanguageswithdifferent typesofDP:optionsoftheprocessor 197 Table13.1DifferencesbetweenLSMFUEGOandASLFIRE 234