THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR OF CLASSICAL GREEK Evert van Emde Boas « Albert Rijksbaron luuk Huitink e Mathieu de Bakker Cambridge Grammarof Classical Greek This is the first full-scale reference grammar of classical Greek in English in a century. Thefirstworkofits kindto reflectthe significant advancesin linguistics madeinrecentdecades,itoffersstudents,teachersandacademicsacomprehensive yetuser-friendlytreatment.Thechaptersonphonologyandmorphologymakefull useofinsightsfromcomparativeandhistoricallinguisticstoelucidatethecomplex systems of roots, stems and endings. The syntax offers linguistically up-to-date descriptions of such topics as case usage, tense and aspect, voice, subordinate clauses, infinitives and participles. An innovative section on textual coherence treats particles and word order and discusses several sample passages in detail, demonstrating new ways of approaching Greek texts. Throughout the book numerous original examples are offered, all with translations and often with clarifying notes. Clearly laid-out tables, helpful cross-references and full indexes make this essential resource accessible to usersofalllevels. EVERT VAN EMDE Boasspecializes in the application of modern linguistic and cognitive approaches to ancient Greek literature. He currently serves as Leventis ResearchFellowinAncientGreekatMertonCollege,Oxford.Hispublicationsinclude amonographandarticlesonGreektragedy,aswellasseveralinterdisciplinarystudies onthepsychologyoftheatre audiences. Hehaspreviouslyheldvarious teachingand research positions at the University of Oxford, the University ofAmsterdam, VU UniversityAmsterdam,theUniversityofGroningenandLeidenUniversity. ALBERT RIJKSBARON is emeritus professor of Ancient Greek Linguistics at the University ofAmsterdam. His publications include highly acclaimed and widely used Greek linguistics titles as well as numerousarticles. He has edited and co- editedcollaborativeworksinthis field. Luuk HuITINKiscurrentlyemployedasapostdoctoralresearchfellowontheERC Project (cid:8216)Ancient Narrative(cid:8217) at Heidelberg University, where he examinestherela- tionshipbetweenancientrhetoricandcognitivelinguisticsinordertoshedlighton theancientreaderlyimagination.HepreviouslywastheLeventisResearchFellowin AncientGreekatMertonCollege,Oxford,andheldaSpinozaVisitingFellowshipat Leiden University. He has published on linguistic and narratological topics in classical and post-classical Greek and is the author of a CUP commentary on Xenophon(cid:8217)sAnabasisIII(togetherwithTimRood),whichiskeyedtothisgrammar. MATHIEU DE BAKKERis university lecturer at the classics department of the University of Amsterdam, where he teaches courses on all aspects of ancient Greek. He has published on the Greek historians and orators and previously lecturedatthe UniversityofOxford. Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek EVERTVANEMDEBOASUniversityofOxford ALBERT RIJKSBARON UniversiteitvanAmsterdam LUUKHUITINK UniversitatHeidelberg MATHIEUDE BAKKERUniversiteitvanAmsterdam la] CAMBRIDGE eB UNIVERSITYPRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITYPRESS UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY 10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 4843/24,2ndFloor,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,Delhi- 110002,India 79AnsonRoad,#06-04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity(cid:8217)smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521198608 DOI: 10.1017/9781139027052 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2019 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2019 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall Acataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:EmdeBoas,Evertvan, 1982-author. | Rijksbaron,Albert,author.| Huitink,Luuk, 1981-author. | Bakker,Mathieude,author. Title:CambridgegrammarofclassicalGreek/EvertvanEmdeBoas, AlbertRijksbaron,LuukHuitink,MathieudeBakker. Description:Cambridge;NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2017. Identifiers:LCCN2017024372 | ISBN9780521198608 Subjects: LCSH:Greeklanguage-Grammar. Classification:LCCPA258 .E452017 | DDC488.2421-dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017024372 ISBN978-0-521-19860-8Hardback ISBN978-0-521-12729-5Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Preface xxxi On Cs andGs: HistoryandAims ofthe Book xxxi = ConceptionandDevelopment xxxi TargetAudienceandScope xxxii SomePrinciplesofPresentation xxxiii Using CGCG: A FewPoints ofGuidance xxxiv Acknowledgements xxxv Abbreviations, Symbols, Editions xxxviii Abbreviations Usedin This Book xxxviii = Other Symbols xxxix Texts andTranslations ofExamples xxxix OnTerminology xl Problems andPrinciples x1 VerbalTerminology xii Tenses,Aspects andMoods xli _ On(cid:8216)First(cid:8217) and(cid:8216)Second(cid:8217)AoristsandPerfects xii PART I: PHONOLOGYAND MORPHOLOGY 1 The Signs andSoundsofClassical Greek 3 Writing: the Alphabet, Accent andBreathingMarks, Punctuation 3 TheAlphabet 3 Particulars 4 AccentsandBreathings 4 Punctuation 5 FurtherDiacriticalSigns 6 TheAlphabet,Breathings,Accents, Punctuation:aVeryBriefHistoricalOverview 6 Pronunciation: Vowels andDiphthongs 7 Vowels 7 PhoneticDetails 8 Diphthongs 8 ShortDiphthongs 9 LongDiphthongs 9 (cid:8216)Spurious(cid:8217)Diphthongs«1andov 10 = Pronunciation: Consonants 10 ListofConsonants 10 Contents PhoneticDetails 11 Stops 11 Fricatives 12 Resonants 12 Geminates 13 LettersRepresentingTwoConsonants 13 Elision, (cid:8216)Movable(cid:8217) Consonants, Crasis, Hiatus 14 Elision 14 (cid:8216)Movable(cid:8217)Consonants 14 Crasis 15 Hiatus 16 Historical Developments: Introduction 16 Historical Developments: Ablaut (VowelGradation) 18 Introduction;QualitativeandQuantitativeAblaut 18 SomeTypicalGreekAblautPatterns 19 Historical Developments: Vowels 20 Attic-Ionica>n 20 ContractionofVowels 21 Contractionofa,¢,n,oandw 21 Diphthongs 22 SummaryTableofContractions 22 FurtherParticularsandExceptions 23 LongandShort:theAugment,StemFormation, CompensatoryLengthening 24 CompensatoryLengthening 24 SummaryTable 25 Shortening: Osthoff'sLaw 25 QuantitativeMetathesis 27 Historical Developments: Consonants 27 ConsonantsatWordEnd 27 TheDisappearanceoff,yando 28 SoundChangesInvolvingt/y 28 SoundChangesInvolvingt/p 29 SoundChangesInvolvingo 30 OtherConsonantClusters:VocalizationofResonants,Assimilation,Lossof Consonants 30 VocalizationofSyllabicResonants 30 AssimilationinConsonantClusters 31 LossofConsonants 33 LossofAspiration: Grassmann(cid:8217)sLaw 34 2 Introductionto NominalForms 35 Basic Categories 35 Contents Vii BuildingBlocks: Stems andEndings 35 Declensions andEndings 36 Declensions 36 TableofEndings 38 3 TheArticle 39 4 Nouns 40 First-Declension Nouns 40 Stems,TypesandGenderofFirst-DeclensionNouns 40 FeminineNounsin-n, -a or-& 40 MasculineNounsin-ns5or-as 42 FurtherNotesandExceptions 43 Second-Declension Nouns 43 Stems,TypesandGenderofSecond-DeclensionNouns 43 Masculine (andFeminine) Nounsin -osor-ous 44 NeuterNounsin-ovor-ouv 45 FurtherNotesandExceptions 45 Third-Declension Nouns 46 Stems,TypesandGenderofThird-DeclensionNouns 46 StemsinaLabialStop (1, B, 9) orVelarStop (x,y,x) 48 StemsinaDentalStop (t, 5,8, exceptvt) 49 Stemsinvt 50 Stemsinv 51 StemsinaLiquid(Aorp) 52 Stemsin(e)p,withThreeAblautGrades (Typetratip,d&vtp) 53 Stemsino(NeuterNounsin-os,Namesin-ns) 54 Stemsin1/e(y) (Typedais) 56 Stemsinu(Typeious) orinu/e(f) (Typetijxus) 57 Stemsinnu/n(F) (Type Baorets) 58 Zeus, vais, Bots 59 FurtherNotesandExceptions 60 Conspectus ofNounTypes 61 5 Adjectives andParticiples 63 First-and-Second-Declension Adjectives andParticiples 63 OfThreeEndings(-os, -n/-&, -ov) 63 Adjectives 63 Participles 64 OfThreeEndings,withContraction (-ots, -7/-&, -otv) 64 OfTwoEndings(-os, -ovor-ous, -ouv) 65 Vili Contents FurtherParticulars 67 Mixed-DeclensionAdjectives 68 First-and-Third-Declension Adjectives andParticiples 69 OfThreeEndings, Stemsinvt (-ov, -ouca, -ovandTr&s,Té&oa,TaV) 69 Adjectives 69 Participles 70 OfThreeEndings,PerfectActiveParticiplesin-os, -uta, -65 72 OfThreeEndings, Stemsinu/eg (-us, -e1a, -u) 73 = OfThreeEndings, Stemsinv (-as, -aiva, -av) 74 OfThreeEndings, Stemsinevt(-e1s, -eooa, -ev) 74 Third-DeclensionAdjectives 75 OfTwoEndings, Stemsinov (-wv, -ov) 75 OfTwoEndings, Stemsino(-ns, -es) 76 FurtherParticulars 77 AdjectivesFormedwithDental-StemNouns 77 AdjectivesofOneEnding 77 Comparison ofAdjectives 77 Introduction 77 Comparativesin-teposandSuperlativesin-tatos 78 Comparativesin-(i)wvandSuperlativesin-1otos 80 6 Adverbs 83 Formation ofAdverbs 83 Introduction 83 MannerAdverbsin-ws 83 AdverbsBasedonOtherCase-Forms 84 SpecificFormationsofAdverbsIndicatingSpace 86 AdverbsDerivingfromPrepositions/PrepositionalPhrases 87 Comparison ofAdverbs 87 7 Pronouns 89 Personal Pronouns 89 Reflexive Pronouns 90 The Reciprocal Pronoun 91 The Possessive (cid:8216)Pronoun(cid:8217) 92 autos 92 Demonstrative Pronouns 93 6Se 93 outos 94 éketvos 94 FurtherParticulars 95