more information - www.cambridge.org/9780521195317 The Cambridge enCyClopedia of darwin and evoluTionary ThoughT This volume is a comprehensive reference work on the life, labors, and influence of the great evolutionist Charles Darwin. With more than sixty essays written by an international group representing the leading scholars in the field, this is the definitive work on Darwin. It covers the background to Darwin’s discovery of the theory of evolution through natural selection, the work he produced and his contemporaries’ reactions to it, and his influence on science in the 150 years since the publication of Origin of Species. It also explores the implications of Darwin’s discoveries in religion, politics, gender, literature, culture, philosophy, and medicine, critically evaluating Darwin’s legacy. Fully illustrated and clearly written, it is suitable for scholars and students as well as the general reader. The wealth of information it provides about the history of evolutionary thought makes it a crucial resource for understanding the controversies that surround evolution today. Michael Ruse is Lucyle T. Werkmeister Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Program in the History and Philosophy of Science at Florida State University. He is the author of twenty books and the founding editor of Biology and Philosophy. A portrait of Charles Darwin by the noted watercolorist George Richmond, painted in 1839 in celebration of his marriage to his first cousin Emma Wedgwood. Permission: English Heritage The Cambridge enCyClopedia of darwin and evoluTionary ThoughT Gg Edited by Michael Ruse Florida State University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013–2473, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521195317 © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Cambridge encyclopedia of Darwin and evolutionary thought / [edited by] Michael Ruse. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-19531-7 (hardback) 1. Darwin, Charles, 1809–1882 – Encyclopedias. 2. Evolution (Biology) – Encyclopedias. I. Ruse, Michael. qh360.2.c36 2012 576.8′203–dc23 2012010226 isbn 978-0-521-19531-7 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. contents Contributors page vii 12 Darwin and Heredity ..........................116 Preface xi Robert Olby Acknowledgments xv 13 Darwin and Time .............................124 Introduction ...................................1 Keith Bennett 1 Origins and the Greeks .........................32 14 Darwin’s Evolutionary Botany ................... 131 Jeremy Kirby Richard Bellon 2 Evolution before Darwin ....................... 39 15 Mimicry and Camouflage .......................139 Michael Ruse William Kimler and Michael Ruse 3 Charles Darwin’s Geology: The Root of His 16 Chance and Design ...........................146 Philosophy of the Earth ........................ 46 John Beatty David Norman 17 Darwin and Teleology .........................152 4 Looking Back with “Great Satisfaction” on Charles James G. Lennox Darwin’s Vertebrate Paleontology ................ 56 18 The Evolution of the Origin (1859–1872) ..........158 Paul D. Brinkman Thierry Hoquet 5 The Origins of the Origin: Darwin’s First 19 Alfred Russel Wallace ..........................165 Thoughts about the Tree of Life and Natural John van Wyhe Selection, 1837–1839 ........................... 64 Jonathan Hodge 20 Darwin and Humans ..........................173 Gregory Radick 6 Darwin and Taxonomy ..........................72 Mary Pickard Winsor 21 Darwin and Language .........................182 Stephen G. Alter 7 Darwin and the Barnacles ...................... 80 Marsha L. Richmond 22 Darwin and Ethics ............................188 Eric Charmetant 8 The Analogy between Artificial and Natural Selection ............................. 88 23 Social Darwinism .............................195 Bert Theunissen Naomi Beck 9 The Origin of Species .......................... 95 24 Darwin and the Levels of Selection ...............202 Michael Ruse Daniel Deen, Brian Hollis, and Chris Zarpentine 10 Sexual Selection ..............................103 25 Darwin and Religion ..........................211 Richard A. Richards Mark Pallen and Alison Pearn 11 Darwin and Species ...........................109 26 Darwinism in Britain ..........................218 James Mallet Peter Bowler G v g contents 27 Darwinism in the United States, 1859–1930 .........226 46 Developmental Evolution .......................375 Mark A. Largent Manfred D. Laubichler and Jane Maienschein 28 The German Reception of Darwin’s Theory, 47 Darwin’s Evolutionary Ecology ..................383 1860–1945 ...................................235 James Justus Robert J. Richards 48 Darwin and the Environment ...................391 29 Darwin and Darwinism in France before 1900 ......243 David Steffes Jean Gayon 49 Molecular Biology: Darwin’s Precious Gift .........397 30 Encountering Darwin and Creating Darwinism Francisco J. Ayala in China ....................................250 50 Challenging Darwinism: Expanding, Extending, Yang Haiyan Replacing .................................. 405 31 Darwinism in Latin America ....................258 David J. Depew and Bruce H. Weber Thomas F. Glick 51 Human Evolution after Darwin ..................412 32 Botany: 1880s to 1920s .........................264 Jesse Richmond Dawn Mooney Digrius 52 Language Evolution since Darwin ............... 420 33 Population Genetics ...........................273 Barbara J. King Michael Ruse 53 Cultural Evolution ........................... 428 34 Synthesis Period in Evolutionary Studies ..........282 Kenneth Reisman Joe Cain 54 Literature ...................................436 35 Ecological Genetics ...........................293 Gowan Dawson David W. Rudge 55 Darwin and Gender ...........................443 36 Darwin and Darwinism in France after 1900 ....... 300 Georgina M. Montgomery Jean Gayon 56 Evolutionary Epistemology .....................451 37 Botany and the Evolutionary Synthesis, 1920–1950 ...313 Tim Lewens Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis 57 Ethics after Darwin ............................461 38 The Emergence of Life on Earth and the Richard Joyce Darwinian Revolution .........................322 58 Darwin and Protestantism ..................... 468 Iris Fry Diarmid A. Finnegan 39 The Evolution of the Testing of Evolution .........330 59 Creationism .................................476 Steven Hecht Orzack Ronald L. Numbers 40 Mimicry and Camouflage: Part Two ..............336 60 Darwin and Catholicism .......................485 Joseph Travis John F. Haught 41 The Tree of Life ............................. 340 61 Judaism, Jews, and Evolution ....................493 Joel D. Velasco Marc Swetlitz 42 Sociobiology .................................346 62 Religion: Islam .............................. 499 Mark E. Borrello Martin Riexinger 43 Evolutionary Paleontology ......................353 63 From Evolution and Medicine to Evolutionary David Sepkoski Medicine ....................................505 44 Darwin and Geography ........................361 Tatjana Buklijas and Peter Gluckman David N. Livingstone Bibliography 515 45 Darwin and the Finches ....................... 368 Index 551 Frederick Rowe Davis Color illustrations follow pages 94, 130, and 382 G vi g contributors Stephen G. Alter is an associate professor of history at Evolutionary Restraints: The Contentious History of Group Gordon College, Wenham, Massachusetts. He is the author of Selection (2010). William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language (2005). Peter Bowler is professor emeritus of the history of science During 2010 he held a sabbatical year fellowship from the at Queen’s University, Belfast. He is a Fellow of the British American Philosophical Society. Academy and a member of the Royal Irish Academy. Francisco J. Ayala is University Professor and Donald Paul D. Brinkman is assistant director of the Paleontology Bren Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of and Geology Research Lab at the North Carolina Museum California, Irvine. In 2001 he received the U.S. National Medal of Natural Sciences. His most recent book is entitled The of Science and in 2010, the Templeton Prize. His research Second Jurassic Dinosaur Rush: Museums and Paleontology focuses on molecular evolution, as well as on the philosophy in America at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (2010). of biology. For further information, see http://www.faculty .uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=2134. Tatjana Buklijas is a historian of science and medicine and Research Fellow of the Liggins Institute at the University of John Beatty teaches history and philosophy of science, and Auckland. Her key research interests are history of anatomy social and political philosophy at the University of British and embryology, development and disease, medicine and evo- Columbia. His research focuses on the theoretical founda- lution, and science and medicine in Central Europe. tions, methodology, and sociopolitical dimensions of evolu- tionary biology. Joe Cain is professor of history and philosophy of biology at University College London. He edited a new edition of Naomi Beck is a Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals for Economics in Jena, Germany. Her recent research exa- (2nd ed., 2009). mines Nobel Laureate Friedrich A. von Hayek’s use of evo- lutionary concepts and theories in defense of free-market Eric Charmetant is associate professor of philosophy at economics. Centre Sèvres–Jesuit Faculties of Paris. He recently published “Darwin et l’éthique – Une rencontre précoce, un chantier Richard Bellon teaches the history of science and science toujours ouvert” (2010). policy at Michigan State University, where he holds a joint appointment in the Lyman Briggs College and the Department Frederick Rowe Davis is associate professor of history of History. His most recent research examines the role of bot- and the history and philosophy of science at Florida State any in the reception of the Origin of Species and the moral University. His first book is The Man Who Saved Sea Turtles: status of the inductive method in Victorian British science. Archie Carr and the Origins of Conservation Biology (2007). Keith Bennett is professor of Late Quaternary environ- Gowan Dawson is senior lecturer in Victorian studies at the mental change at Queen’s University Belfast. He held a Royal University of Leicester. He is the author of Darwin, Literature Society–Wolfson Merit Award (2007–12) and has recently and Victorian Respectability (Cambridge, 2007), and coauthor been elected to the Royal Irish Academy. of Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical: Reading the Magazine of Nature (Cambridge, 2004). Mark E. Borrello is an associate professor in the Graduate Program for the History of Science, Technology Daniel Deen is an assistant professor of philosophy at and Medicine and the Department of Ecology, Evolution and Concordia University, Irvine, California. His interests are in Behavior at the University of Minnesota. He is the author of the philosophy of religion and the philosophy of science. G vii g contributors David J. Depew is professor emeritus of communication Thierry Hoquet teaches history and philosophy of biology studies and rhetoric of inquiry, University of Iowa. He is at the Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3, where he is a professor coauthor with Bruce Weber of Darwinism Evolving: Systems in the Faculty of Philosophy. He is the scientific editor of the Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection (1995) and Web site http://www.buffon.cnrs.fr/ and in 2009 published coauthor with Marjorie Grene of Philosophy of Biology: An Darwin contre Darwin. Episodic History (2004). Richard Joyce is professor of philosophy at Victoria Dawn Mooney Digrius is assistant professor of history University of Wellington, New Zealand. He previously at Stevens Institute of Technology. Her chapter on Gregor worked in Australia and the United Kingdom after gaining his Mendel and his contributions to evolution is included in PhD from Princeton. He is author of The Myth of Morality Greenwood Press’s Icons of Evolution, edited by Brian Regal (Cambridge, 2001) and The Evolution of Morality (2006) as (2007). well as numerous journal articles and book chapters, mostly in the field of metaethics. Diarmid A. Finnegan is lecturer in human geography at the Queen’s University of Belfast. He is the author of Natural James Justus is an assistant professor in the Departments of History Societies and Civic Culture in Victorian Scotland Philosophy and History and Philosophy of Science at Florida (2009) and has published widely on the historical geogra- State University, and he was recently a postdoctoral Research phies of scientific knowledge in the nineteenth century. He is Fellow at the Sydney Centre for the Foundations of Science. currently working on the rhetorical geography of science and His research focuses on philosophy of science (biology in par- religion debates in mid-Victorian Britain and Ireland. ticular), environmental philosophy, formal epistemology, and logical empiricism. Iris Fry teaches in the Department of Humanities and Arts at the Technion–Israel Institute of Technology. Her book William Kimler is associate professor of History and The Emergence of Life on Earth: A Historical and Scientific Alumni Distinguished Undergraduate Professor at North Overview (2000) was published by Rutgers. She has pub- Carolina State University. Recent public lectures include lished articles on the science, history, and philosophy of the Darwin Day events and an American Scientist podcast on origin-of-life problem and on the interaction between science Darwin. and religion. Barbara J. King, a biological anthropologist, teaches at the Jean Gayon is professor of philosophy and history of science College of William and Mary. Her latest book, How Animals at the University of Paris–Panthéon Sorbonne. He is author Grieve (2013), and her contributions to NPR’s 13.7 Cosmos of Darwin’s Struggle for Survival: Heredity and the Natural and Culture blog (see www.barbarajking.com) focus on ani- Selection Hypothesis (Cambridge, 1998). mal cognition/emotion and the animal-human bond. Thomas F. Glick is professor of history at Boston University. Jeremy Kirby is associate professor of philosophy at Albion He received an honorary doctorate from the University of College. He is the author of Aristotle’s Metaphysics: Form, Valencia in 2010. Matter, and Identity (2011) and of several articles concerning epistemology in antiquity. Peter Gluckman, FRS, is University Distinguished Mark A. Largent is an associate professor in James Madison Professor, professor of pediatric and perinatal biology, and College at Michigan State University, where he teaches courses head of the Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and in the history of science and in science policy. He is the author Disease of the Liggins Institute at the University of Auckland, specializing in fetal and developmental origins of disease. He of Breeding Contempt: The History of Coerced Sterilization in has written extensively on evolutionary medicine. the United States (2011) and Vaccine: The Debate in Modern America (2012). John F. Haught, PhD, is a Senior Fellow at Woodstock Manfred D. Laubichler is President’s Professor at Theological Center at Georgetown University and author of Arizona State University, where he directs the Center for Making Sense of Evolution: Darwin, God, and the Drama of Social Dynamics and Complexity and is associate director of Life (2010). the Origins Project; adjunct professor at the Marine Biology Jonathan Hodge, at the University of Leeds, researches Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts; external profes- the history and philosophy of theories of creation and evolu- sor at the Santa Fe Institute; external faculty member at the tion. He is coeditor, with Gregory Radick, of The Cambridge Konrad Lorenz Institute in Altenberg, Austria; and visiting Companion to Darwin (2nd ed., 2009). Two volumes reprint scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science many of his papers: Before and After Darwin (2008) and in Berlin. Darwin Studies (2009). James G. Lennox is professor of history and philosophy of Brian Hollis is a postdoctoral researcher at the University science at the University of Pittsburgh. Recent publications of Lausanne. He studies sexual selection and social systems include “Darwinism and Neo-Darwinsim” in the Blackwell using experimental evolution. Companion to the Philosophy of Biology (2008) and “The G viii g