TheCambridgeCompaniontotheOrgan ThisCompanionisanessentialguidetoallaspectsoftheorganand itsmusic.Itexaminesinturntheinstrument,theplayerandthe repertoire.Theearlychapterstelloftheinstrument’shistoryand construction,identifythescientificbasisofitssoundsandthe developmentofitspitchandtuning,examinethehistoryoftheorgan case,andconsiderthecurrenttrendsandconflictswithintheworld oforganbuilding.Centralchaptersinvestigatethepracticalartof learningandplayingtheorgan,introducethecomplexareaof performancepractice,andoutlinetheconnectionbetweenorgan playingandtheliturgyofthechurch.Thefinalsectionexploresthe vastrepertoireoforganmusicinrelationtotheinstrumentsfor whichitwaswritten,focusingonaselectionofthemostimportant traditions.Theessays,allnewlycommissioned,arewrittenbyexperts intheirfield,makingthisthemostauthoritativereferencebook currentlyavailable. NicholasThistlethwaiteisauthorofTheMakingoftheVictorian Organ(1990). GeoffreyWebberisPrecentorandDirectorofStudiesinMusicat GonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge,andauthorofNorthGerman ChurchMusicintheAgeofBuxtehude(1996). CambridgeCompanionstoMusic Instruments Composers TheCambridgeCompaniontoBrassInstruments TheCambridgeCompaniontoJohnCage EditedbyTrevorHerbertandJohnWallace EditedbyDavidNicholls TheCambridgeCompaniontotheCello TheCambridgeCompaniontoChopin EditedbyRobinStowell EditedbyJimSamson TheCambridgeCompaniontotheClarinet TheCambridgeCompaniontoDebussy EditedbyColinLawson EditedbySimonTrezise TheCambridgeCompaniontotheGuitar TheCambridgeCompaniontoHandel EditedbyVictorCoelho EditedbyDonaldBurrows TheCambridgeCompaniontotheOrgan TheCambridgeCompaniontoRavel EditedbyNicholasThistlethwaiteandGeoffreyWebber EditedbyDeborahMawer TheCambridgeCompaniontothePiano TheCambridgeCompaniontoSchubert EditedbyDavidRowland EditedbyChristopherGibbs TheCambridgeCompaniontotheRecorder TheCambridgeCompaniontoStravinsky EditedbyJohnMansfieldThomson EditedbyJonathanCross TheCambridgeCompaniontotheSaxophone EditedbyRichardIngham Topics TheCambridgeCompaniontoSinging EditedbyJohnPotter TheCambridgeCompaniontoBluesandGospelMusic EditedbyAllanMoore TheCambridgeCompaniontotheViolin EditedbyRobinStowell TheCambridgeCompaniontoJazz EditedbyMervynCookeandDavidHorn Composers TheCambridgeCompaniontotheMusical EditedbyWilliamEverettandPaulLaird TheCambridgeCompaniontoBach TheCambridgeCompaniontoOrchestra EditedbyJohnButt EditedbyColinlawson TheCambridgeCompaniontoBa/rtok TheCambridgeCompaniontoPopandRock EditedbyAmandaBayley EditedbySimonFirth,WillStrawandJohnStreet TheCambridgeCompaniontoBeethoven EditedbyGlennStanley TheCambridgeCompaniontoBenaminBritten EditedbyMervynCooke TheCambridgeCompaniontoBerg EditedbyAnthonyPople TheCambridgeCompaniontoBerlioz EditedbyPeterBloom TheCambridgeCompaniontothe O R G A N   NicholasThistlethwaiteandGeoffreyWebber  Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa ~oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521575843 ©CambridgeUniversityPress1998 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished1998 Sixthprinting2007 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongresscataloguinginpublicationdata TheCambridgecompaniontotheorgan/editedbyNicholas ThistlethwaiteandGeoffreyWebber. p. cm.–(Cambridgecompanionstomusic) Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. )andindex. ISBN0521573092(hardback).–ISBN0521575842(paperback) 1. Organ. 2. Organmusic–Historyandcriticism. I. Thistlethwaite,Nicholas. II. Webber,Geoffrey. III. Series. ML550.C35 1998 786.5–dc21 97-41723CIP ISBN978-0-521-57584-3paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotgauranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Listoffigures [pagevii] Notesoncontributors [ix] Preface [xi] PartI Theinstrument 1 Originsanddevelopmentoftheorgan NicholasThistlethwaite [1] 2 Organconstruction StephenBicknell [18] 3 Thephysicsoftheorgan JohnMainstone [31] 4 Temperamentandpitch ChristopherKent [42] 5 Theorgancase StephenBicknell [55] 6 Organbuildingtoday StephenBicknell [82] PartII Theplayer 7 ThefundamentalsoforganplayingKimberlyMarshall [93] 8 Asurveyofhistoricalperformancepractices KimberlyMarshall [113] 9 Organmusicandtheliturgy EdwardHigginbottom [130] PartIII Selectedrepertoires 10 ItalianorganmusictoFrescobaldi ChristopherStembridge [148] 11 Iberianorganmusicbefore1700 JamesDalton [164] 12 TheFrenchclassicalorganschool EdwardHigginbottom [176] 13 Englishorganmusictoc1700 GeoffreyCox [190] 14 CatholicGermanyandAustria1648–c1800 PatrickRussill [204] 15 ThenorthGermanorganschool GeoffreyWebber [219] 16 TheorganmusicofJ.S.Bach DavidYearsley [236] 17 Germanorganmusicafter1800 GrahamBarber [250] 18 FrenchandBelgianorganmusicafter1800 GerardBrooks [263] 19 Britishorganmusicafter1800 AndrewMcCrea [279] 20 NorthAmericanorganmusicafter1800 DouglasReed [299] Appendix Themodes(toni)andtheirattributesaccordingtoZarlino ChristopherStembridge [316] Notes [319] Bibliography [322] Index [332] Figures 1.1 Positiveorgan:BookofHoursofKingAlonsoofNaples(Aragon,1442) [2] 1.2 ThemanualandpedalkeyboardsoftheorganatHalberstadtCathedral,believedto datefromtheworkofFaberin1361 [6] 1.3 TheRückpositivkeyboardoftheorganattheAegidienkircheinBrunswick (1456) [7] 2.1 Threetypesofbellowscommonlyfoundinorgans [19] 2.2 Viewofaslidersoundboardpartlycutawaytoshowtheconstruction [21] 2.3 Thetwomaintypesofmechanicalkeyaction [22] 2.4 Atypicalopenfluepipeoftheprincipalfamily [26] 2.5 Atypicalreedpipeofthetrumpetfamily [28] 2.6 Variousformsoforganpipe [29] 3.1 Acousticwaveproducedbyasinglewave [35] 5.1 TheCathedralofNotreDame,ValèresurSion, Switzerland(c1425) [57] 5.2 OrganatOosthuizenintheNetherlands,builtin1530byJanvanCovelen [59] 5.3 OrgancasefromStNicolaas,Utrecht,nowintheKoorkerk,Middelburg,inthe Netherlands [61] 5.4 Earlysixteenth-centuryorganatSantaMariadellaScalainSiena,Italy [62] 5.5 Thewest-endorganintheJakobikirche,Lübeck,Germanyasitexistedpriorto destructionbybombingduringtheSecondWorldWar. [63] 5.6 TheorganoftheMarienkirche,Stralsund,Germany,builtbyF.Stellwagenin 1659 [65] 5.7 TheEpistleOrganintheCathedralofSegovia,Spain,builtin1702 [67] 5.8 TheorganinStGervais,Paris,playedbysuccessivemembersoftheCouperin family [68] 5.9 StMary,Rotherhithe,London,builtbyJohnByfieldIIin1764–5 [69] 5.10 TheChristianMüllerorganof1735–8attheBavokerk,Haarlem,inthe Netherlands [70] 5.11 Thewest-endorganatWeingarten,Germany,builtbyJosephGablerin 1737–50 [72] 5.12 TheClicquotorganattheCathedralofPoitiers,France(completed1790) [73] 5.13 EngravingoftheE.F.WalckerorganatthePauliskirche,Frankfurt,Germany (1829–33) [75] 5.14 TheAlexandraPalace,London:theorganbyHenryWillis(1875) [76] 5.15 TheorganbuiltbyHilborneL.Rooseveltin1883fortheFirstCongregational Church,GreatBarrington,Massachusetts,USA [77] 5.16 HoltkamporganattheUniversityofSyracuse,NewYork,USA(1950) [79] 5.17 OrganatDoetinchemintheNetherlandsbuiltbyDirkFlentropin1952 [80] 6.1 Taylor&BoodyorganatFerrisLadiesCollege,Japan(1989) [90] 7.1 Tableoforganarticulations [100] [vii] 10.1 PalazzoPubblico,Siena:organbyGiovanniPiffero [151] viii Listoffigures 12.1 ThecaseoftheorganbytheFlemishbuilderCrespinCarlierinStOuen,in Rouen,France(1630) [182] 13.1 GloucesterCathedral,England,casesbyRobertDallam(1639–41)andThomas Harris(1666) [197] 14.1 TheorganintheabbeyatMelk,Austria,builtbyG.Sonnholzin1731–2 [205] 15.1 TheorganintheJacobikirche,Hamburg,Germany,rebuiltbyArpSchnitgerin 1690–3 [220] 16.1 TheorganatAltenburg,Germany,builtbyTrostin1735–9 [243] 16.2 GottfriedSilbermannorganinthecathedralofFreiberg,Germany (1714) [247] 18.1 Cavaillé-Coll’sorganfortheAbbeyofStDenis,Paris(1841) [268] 18.2 DetailoftheCavaillé-Collconsole(1890)atStOuen,Rouen [272] 20.1 OrganbyHook&HastingsfortheCentennialExhibitioninPhiladelphia (1876) [303] Acknowledgements Theeditorswouldliketoexpresstheirthankstothefollowingindividuals, institutionsandfirmswhohavekindlymadephotographsavailableforthis volume: StephenBicknell(2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5,2.6);JohnBrennan(5.9);TheBritishLibrary (1.1);GerardBrooks(18.2);FlentropOrgelbouw(5.17);FotografiaLensiniFabio (10.1);DeanandChapterofGloucesterCathedral(13.1);VolkmaarHerre(5.5); TheHoltkampOrganCompany(5.16);TheJakobikirche,Hamburg(15.1);Alan Lauffman(5.15);JohnMainstone(3.1);GeorgeTaylor(6.1);PierreVallotton(5.1, 5.2,5.3,5.4,5.7,5.8,5.10,5.11,12.1,14.1,16.1,16.2);KlausWalcker-Mayer(5.13). Musicalexamplesfromeditionsincopyrighthavebeenreproducedfrom publicationsbythefollowing: Bärenreiter(17.1,©1993);EditionsBornemann(18.2,18.3);EditionsChanvrelin (18.1);EditionsHenryLemoine(18.5);C.F.PetersCorporation(20.6,©1980,used bypermissionofC.F.PetersCorporationonbehalfofHenmarPressInc.);F.E.C. Leuckart(17.3);MöselerVerlag(17.4,©1978);MusikverlagAlfredCoppenrath (17.2,©1973);Stainer&Bell(19.6,©1916Stainer&Bell,London,England); Schott&Co.(19.4,©1914Schott&Co.(London)reproducedbypermission); TheodorePresserCo.(20.5,©1969SocietédesEditionsJobert,usedbypermission ofthepublisher;solerepresentativeU.S.A.TheodorePresserCompany);Warner Bros.Communication(20.2,20.3,20.4). Contributors GrahamBarberisProfessorofPerformanceStudies,DepartmentofMusic, UniversityofLeeds,andSeniorTutorinOrganStudies,TheRoyalNorthern CollegeofMusic. StephenBicknellistheauthorofTheHistoryoftheEnglishOrgan(Cambridge1996). GerardBrooksisAssociateDirectorofMusic,AllSouls,LanghamPlace,and Organist,StJames’Church,Clerkenwell,London. GeoffreyCoxisAssociateProfessorattheAustralianCatholicUniversity,and AssistantOrganistatStPatrick’sCathedral,Melbourne. JamesDaltonisformerOrganistandTutorinMusicatTheQueen’sCollege,Oxford. EdwardHigginbottomisOrganistandTutorinMusicatNewCollege,Oxford. ChristopherKentisSeniorLecturerinMusicattheUniversityofReadingand coordinatorofTheLadySusiJeansCentreforOrganHistoriography. JohnMainstoneisHeadoftheDepartmentofPhysicsattheUniversityof Queensland,Brisbane,Australia. KimberlyMarshall,formerlyDeanofPostgraduateStudiesattheRoyalAcademyof Music,London,isAssociateProfessorofMusicatArizonaStateUniversity. AndrewMcCreaisamusictutorforLondonUniversity’sExtra-MuralDepartment (BirkbeckCollege),andtheOpenUniversity.HeisalsoAssistantLibrariantothe RoyalCollegeofOrganists. DouglasReedisProfessorofMusicandUniversityOrganistattheUniversityof Evansville,Indiana. PatrickRussillisHeadofChoralDirectionandChurchMusicattheRoyalAcademy ofMusic,LondonandOrganistoftheLondonOratory. ChristopherStembridgelivesandworksinItaly,whereheholdsregularcourseson historicorgansinArezzo,BresciaandSiena. NicholasThistlethwaiteisamemberoftheMusicFaculty,UniversityofCambridge, andauthorofTheMakingoftheVictorianOrgan(Cambridge1990). GeoffreyWebberisPrecentorandDirectorofStudiesinMusicatGonvilleandCaius College,Cambridge. DavidYearsleyisAssistantProfessorofMusicatCornellUniversity,NewYorkState. [ix]