the cambridge companion to THE NEW TESTAMENT ThisCompanionvolumeoffersaconciseandengagingintroductionto the New Testament. Including twentyone especially commissioned essays,writtenbyaninternationalteamofscholars,itexaminesarange of topics related to the historical and religious contexts in which the contentsoftheChristiancanonemerged.Providinganoverviewofthe criticalapproachesandmethodscurrentlyappliedtothestudyofbib licaltexts,italsoincludeschaptersoneachofthewritingsintheNew Testament. The volume serves as an excellent resource for students whohavesomefamiliaritywiththeNewTestamentandwhowishto gain a deeper understanding of the state of academic discussion and debate.Readerswillalsogainasenseofthenewresearchquestionsthat areemergingfromcurrentscholarship. Patrick Gray is Professor of Religious Studies at Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee. He is the author of Godly Fear: The Epistle to the Hebrews and GrecoRoman Critiques of Superstition (2003) and PaulAsaProbleminHistoryandCulture(2016). cambridge companions to religion Thisisaseriesofcompanionstomajortopicsandkeyfiguresintheologyand religiousstudies.Eachvolumecontainsspeciallycommissionedchaptersby internationalscholars,whichprovideanaccessibleandstimulatingintroduction tothesubjectfornewreadersandnonspecialists. OtherTitlesintheSeries thecouncilofnicaeca EditedbyYoungRichardKim apostolicfathers EditedbyMichaelF.BirdandScottHarrower americancatholicism EditedbyMargaretM.McGuinnessandThomasF. Rzeznick americanislam EditedbyJulianeHammerandOmidSafi americanjudaism EditedbyDanaEvanKaplan americanmethodism EditedbyJasonE.Vickers ancientmediterraneanreligions EditedbyBarbetteStanleySpaeth apocalypticliterature EditedbyColinMcAllister augustine’scityofgod EditedbyDavidVincentMeconi augustine’s“confessions” EditedbyTarmoToom karlbarth EditedbyJohnWebster thebible,2ndeditionEditedbyBruceChilton thebibleandliterature EditedbyCalumCarmichael biblicalinterpretation EditedbyJohnBarton blacktheology EditedbyDwightN.HopkinsandEdwardP.Antonio dietrichbonhoeffer EditedbyJohndeGruchy johncalvin EditedbyDonaldK.McKim christiandoctrine EditedbyColinGunton christianethics EditedbyRobinGill christianmysticism EditedbyAmyHollywoodandPatriciaZ.Beckman christianphilosophicaltheology EditedbyCharlesTaliaferroandChad V.Meister christianpoliticaltheologyEditedbyCraigHoveyandElizabethPhillips thecisterianorder EditedbyMetteBirkedalBruun classicalislamictheology EditedbyTimWinter jonathanedwards EditedbyStephenJ.Stein evangelicaltheology EditedbyTimothyLarsenandDanielJ.Treier feministtheology EditedbySusanFrankParsons francisofassisi EditedbyMichaelJ.P.Robson thegospels EditedbyStephenC.Barton thegospels,secondedition EditedbyStephenC.BartonandToddBrewer thehebrewbible/oldtestamentEditedbyStephenB.ChapmanandMarvin A.Sweeney hebrewbibleandethics EditedbyC.L.Crouch thejesuits EditedbyThomasWorcester jesus EditedbyMarkusBockmuehl judaismandlaw EditedbyChristineHayes c.s.lewis EditedbyRobertMacSwainandMichaelWard Furthertitlesintheseriescanbefoundatthebackofthisbook. the cambridge companion to THE NEW TESTAMENT Edited by Patrick Gray RhodesCollege UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314 321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi 110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06 04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108423588 doi:10.1017/9781108528856 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2021 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2021 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Names:Gray,Patrick,1970 editor. Title:TheCambridgecompaniontotheNewTestament/editedbyPatrickGray, RhodesCollege,Memphis. Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversity Press,2021.|Series:Cambridgecompanionstoreligion|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2020039498(print)|LCCN2020039499(ebook)|ISBN9781108423588 (hardback)|ISBN9781108437707(paperback)|ISBN9781108528856(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Bible.NewTestament Introductions. Classification:LCCBS2330.3.C362021 (print)|LCCBS2330.3 (ebook)| DDC225.6/1 dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020039498 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020039499 ISBN9781108423588Hardback ISBN9781108437707Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofRLsforexternalorthirdpartyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofMap pageix ListofContributors xi Preface xiii patrick gray ListofAbbreviations xvii PartI HistoricalContext 1 TheSocialandPoliticalMilieu 3 helen k. bond 2 TheReligiousandPhilosophicalMilieu 25 john t. fitzgerald 3 TheHistoricalJesus 50 sarah e. rollens andanthony le donne 4 TheLifeandLettersofPaul 73 margaret m. mitchell PartII TheNewTestamentWritings 5 TheGospelofMark 95 michael f. bird 6 TheGospelofMatthew 115 paul foster 7 TheThirdGospelandtheActsof theApostles 134 mikeal c. parsons 8 TheGospelofJohn 155 george parsenios 9 1 2Thessalonians 176 nijay k. gupta 10 1 2Corinthians 188 alexandra r. brown vii viii contents 11 RomansandGalatians 218 matthew v. novenson 12 ThePrisonEpistles 241 jerry sumney 13 LetterstoPaul’sAssociates (1 2Timothy,Titus) 261 benjamin l. white 14 TheLettertotheHebrews 274 david m. moffitt 15 TheGeneralEpistles 290 patrick j. hartin 16 Revelation 313 leslie baynes PartIII MethodsandModesofInterpretation 17 TheCanonoftheNewTestament 333 julia snyder 18 Historical-CriticalMethods 348 james w. barker 19 LiteraryApproaches 369 elizabeth e. shively 20 SocialSciences,SocialHistory, andIdeology 382 james crossley 21 TheNewTestamentandTheology 401 kevin j. vanhoozer Index 419 Map 1.1 The Romanprovinceof Judaea, 6–41 ce page10 ix