The Cambridge Companion to International Law Thisintellectuallyambitiousintroductiontointernationallaw encouragesreaderstoengagewithmultipleaspectsofthetopic:as‘law’ directingandshapingitssubjects;asatechniqueforgoverningthe worldofstatesandbeyondstatehood;andasaframeworkwithinwhich severalcriticalandreformistprojectsarearticulated.Thechapters situateinternationallawinitshistoricalandideologicalcontextand examinecoreconceptssuchassovereignty,jurisdictionandthestate. Attentionisalsogiventoitsoperationwithininternationalinstitutions andindisputesettlement,andaseparatesectionisdevotedto internationallaw’s‘projects’:protectinghumanrights,eradicating poverty,theconservationofresources,theregulationofinternational tradeandinvestmentandtheestablishmentofinternationalorder.The diversegroupofcontributorsdrawsfromdisciplinaryorientations rangingfrompositivismtopost-modernismtoensurethatthisbookis informedtheoreticallyandpolitically,aswellasgroundedinpractice. JamesCrawfordisWhewellProfessorofInternationalLawandaFellow ofJesusCollege,CambridgeandProfessorofLawatLatrobeUniversity, Melbourne.HewasamemberoftheUnitedNationsInternationalLaw Commissionfrom1992to2001andSpecialRapporteuronState Responsibilityfrom1997to2001.Hehasalsobeenamemberofthe AustralianLawReformCommission.Inadditiontoscholarlyworkon statehood,self-determination,collectiverightsandinternational responsibility,hehasappearedfrequentlybeforetheInternationalCourt ofJusticeandotherinternationaltribunals,andisactivelyengagedas expert,counselandarbitrator. MarttiKoskenniemiisProfessorofInternationalLawattheUniversity ofHelsinkiandDirectoroftheErikCastrénInstituteofInternational LawandHumanRights.HeworkedasadiplomatwiththeFinnish MinistryforForeignAffairsfrom1978to1994,representingFinlandin anumberofinternationalinstitutionsandconferences.Asmemberof theUNInternationalLawCommission(2002–2006)hechairedthe Studygrouponthe‘FragmentationofInternationalLaw’.Hehas writtenwidelyoninternationallawtopicsandhispresentresearch interestscoverthetheoryandhistoryofthefield. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 The Cambridge Companion to International Law EditedBy James Crawford and Martti Koskenniemi AssistantEditor Surabhi Ranganathan Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521190886 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 3rd printing 2013 Printedand bound intheUnitedKingdomattheMPG Books Group AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata TheCambridgecompaniontointernationallaw/editedbyJamesCrawfordandMartti Koskenniemi. p. cm.–(Cambridgecompanionstolaw) ISBN978-0-521-19088-6(hardback) 1. Internationallaw. 2. Internationallaw–History. 3. Globalization. I. Crawford,James,1948– II. Koskenniemi,Martti. KZ3410.C35 2012 341–dc23 2011041594 ISBN978-0-521-19088-6Hardback ISBN978-0-521-14308-0Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 Contents Preface pagevii Notesoncontributors viii Introduction JamesCrawfordandMarttiKoskenniemi 1 PartI Thecontextsofinternationallaw 23 1 Internationallawindiplomatichistory GerrySimpson 25 2 Internationallawintheworldofideas MarttiKoskenniemi 47 3 Internationallawaslaw FrédéricMégret 64 PartII Internationallawandthestate 93 4 Statehood:territory,people,government KarenKnop 95 5 Sovereigntyasalegalvalue JamesCrawford 117 6 Exerciseandlimitsofjurisdiction BrunoSimmaandAndreasTh.Müller 134 7 Lawfareandwarfare DavidKennedy 158 PartIII Techniquesandarenas 185 8 Law-makingandsources HilaryCharlesworth 187 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 vi Contents 9 Internationalcourts:unevenjudicialisationinglobalorder BenedictKingsbury 203 10 Internationalinstitutions JanKlabbers 228 11 Internationallawandtherelativitiesofenforcement DinoKritsiotis 245 PartIV Projectsofinternationallaw 269 12 Constitutingorder AnneOrford 271 13 Legitimatingtheinternationalruleoflaw B.S.Chimni 290 14 Humanrightsindisastroustimes SusanMarks 309 15 Justifyingjustice SarahM.H.Nouwen 327 16 Regulatingtrade,investmentandmoney HélèneRuizFabri 352 17 Dividedagainstitself:aspirationandreality ofinternationallaw ThomasPogge 373 18 Conservingtheworld’sresources? SundhyaPahuja 398 Guidetoelectronicsourcesofinternationallaw LesleyDingle 421 Internationallawchronology 438 Selectguidetofurtherreading 444 Index 453 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 Preface This study was conceived and planned in 2008–2009 when we were col- leagues at Cambridge, during Martti’s tenure as Goodhart Distinguished ProfessorofLaw.Wewereabletodiscusssomeofthecontributionsindraft atamini-conferenceheldattheLauterpachtCentreforInternationalLawin February2010. InselectingauthorsfortheCompanion,wesoughttoincorporateawide rangeofviews,includinginterdisciplinaryandcriticalapproaches,aswell asensuringareasonablecoverageofthevarioussub-fieldsofinternational law. As the reader will observe, the discipline/profession of international lawisapproachedindifferentwaysbydifferentscholars:thesubjectlooks subtly(andsometimesunsubtly)differentfromIndiaortheUnitedStatesor Australia than it does from different parts of Europe or Africa. We would have wished for an even more catholic range of contributors, but the demandsofspaceandtimeprecludedthis. We are grateful to Cambridge University Press, notably the responsible subject editor, Sinead Moloney, for a judicious combination of support, encouragement and patience. Much of the editorial burden fell on our graduate studentatNYUandCambridge,Surabhi Ranganathan,towhom we owe a lot. Lesley Dingle produced an admirable guide to electronic sources of international law; the guide is also available at the website of theSquire LawLibrary*wherethelinks willbeperiodicallyupdated:they werecorrectwhenthemanuscriptwassubmittedtothePress. JRC/MK 26June2011 * www.squire.law.cam.ac.uk/electronic_resources/international_law_research_guides.php–S2. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651.001 Notes on contributors HilaryCharlesworthisanAustralianResearchCouncilLaureateFellowand DirectoroftheCentreforInternationalGovernanceandJusticeinthe RegulatoryInstitutionsNetwork(RegNet)attheAustralianNationalUniversity. ShealsoholdsanappointmentasProfessorofInternationalLawandHuman RightsintheCollegeofLaw,ANU.SheisagraduateoftheUniversityof MelbourneandHarvardLawSchool. B.S.ChimniisProfessorofInternationalLaw,CentreforInternationalLegal Studies,SchoolofInternationalStudies,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,New Delhi.HehasheldvisitingpositionsatBrown,Harvard,Cambridge,Yorkand TokyoUniversities.Hiscentralresearchinterestistoelaborateinassociation withagroupoflikemindedscholarsacriticalThird-Worldapproachto internationallaw(TWAIL).Hisotherareasofresearchinterestareinternational economiclawandinternationalrefugeelaw. JamesCrawfordistheWhewellProfessorofInternationalLaw,Universityof CambridgeandProfessorofLawatLatrobeUniversity,Melbourne.Asamember oftheInternationalLawCommissionhewasresponsibleforitsworkonthe InternationalCriminalCourtandforcompletingtheArticlesonState Responsibility.Inadditiontoscholarlyworkonstatehood,collectiverights, investmentlawandinternationalresponsibility,hehasappearedfrequently beforetheInternationalCourtofJusticeandotherinternationaltribunals. LesleyDinglehasbeentheForeignandInternationalLawLibrarianatthe SquireLawLibrarysince1997.SheiscurrentlyChairoftheAdvisoryCommittee fortheIndextoForeignLegalPeriodicalsandhasactedasaconsultantforthe UKsectionof‘TheBluebook’.Herinterestsincluderesearchonthehistoryofthe LawFacultyatCambridge,andsheisfounderoftheEminentScholarsArchive. SheisaSeniorMemberofWolfsonCollege. DavidKennedyistheManleyO.HudsonProfessorofLawatHarvardLaw SchoolandDirectoroftheInstituteforGlobalLawandPolicy.Heteachesand writesoninternationallaw,internationaleconomicpolicy,Europeanlaw,legal theory,andlawanddevelopment.HeisthefounderoftheNewApproachesto InternationalLawproject.Hehaspractisedlawwithvariousinternational Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 Notesoncontributors ix institutions,includingUNHCRandtheCommissionoftheEuropeanUnion,and withtheprivatefirmofCleary,Gottlieb,SteenandHamilton. BenedictKingsburyistheMurryandIdaBeckerProfessorofLawandDirector oftheInstituteforInternationalLawandJusticeatNewYorkUniversitySchool ofLaw.Heco-directsNYU’sresearchontheHistoryandTheoryofInternational Law,GlobalAdministrativeLaw,andIndicatorsandGlobalGovernanceby Information.Hisresearchreflectscommitmenttoabroad,theoretically groundedapproachtointernationallaw,closelyintegratingworkinlegal theory,politicaltheory,andhistory.Hewriteswidelyoncontemporaryissues, includingarbitration,trade–environmentdisputesandtheproliferationof internationaltribunals. JanKlabbersisProfessorofInternationalLawattheUniversityofHelsinkiand DirectoroftheAcademyofFinlandCentreofExcellenceinGlobalGovernance Research.HehastaughtattheUniversityofAmsterdamandheldvisiting professorshipsinGenevaandParis.HispublicationsincludeTheConceptof TreatyinInternationalLaw(1996),TreatyConflictandtheEuropean Union(2008),AnIntroductiontoInternationalInstitutionalLaw(2ndedn., 2009)and,asco-author,TheConstitutionalizationofInternationalLaw(2009). KarenKnopisProfessorattheFacultyofLaw,UniversityofToronto.Herbook DiversityandSelf-DeterminationinInternationalLaw(2002)wasawardeda CertificateofMeritbytheAmericanSocietyofInternationalLaw.Sheisthe editorofGenderandHumanRights(2004)andco-editeda2008symposium issueofLawandContemporaryProblemson‘TransdisciplinaryConflictof Laws’withRalfMichaelsandAnneliseRiles. MarttiKoskenniemiisProfessorofInternationalLaw,UniversityofHelsinki andHauserVisitingGlobalProfessorofLaw,NewYorkUniversity.Hewasthe ArthurGoodhartVisitingProfessorofLegalScienceatCambridge(2008–2009), amemberoftheUNInternationalLawCommission(2002–2006)andCounsellor attheMinistryforForeignAffairsofFinland(1978–1994).Hispublications includeFromApologytoUtopia.TheStructureofInternationalLegalArgument (2ndedn.,2005)andTheGentleCivilizerofNations:TheRiseandFallof InternationalLaw1870–1960(2001). DinoKritsiotisisProfessorofPublicInternationalLawattheUniversityof Nottingham.HehasheldvisitingprofessorshipsatMichiganandMelbourne, andheregularlyteachesontheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross annualsummerschoolinWarsaw.Hespecialisesintheuseofforce, internationalhumanitarianlawandthehistoryandtheoryofinternationallaw. HeservesontheeditorialboardsofJournalofConflictandSecurityLaw, Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651 x Notesoncontributors HumanRightsLawReview,HumanRightsandHumanWelfareandAfrican YearbookonInternationalHumanitarianLaw. SusanMarksisProfessorofInternationalLawattheLondonSchoolof Economics.Herresearchisconcernedwithinternationallawandhumanrights. SheistheauthorofTheRiddleofAllConstitutions(2000)and,withAndrew Clapham,InternationalHumanRightsLexicon(2005)andsheedited InternationalLawontheLeft(2008). FrédéricMégretisAssociateProfessorattheFacultyofLaw,McGillUniversity andtheCanadaResearchChairintheLawofHumanRightsandLegalPluralism. HeholdsaPhDininternationallawfromtheUniversityofParisI-Panthéon SorbonneandtheGraduateInstituteofInternationalStudies(Geneva).His researchinterestsfocusoninternationallaw,internationalcriminallaw,human rightsandthelawsofwar. AndreasTh.MüllerisAssistantProfessorattheDepartmentofEuropeanLaw andPublicInternationalLawoftheUniversityofInnsbruck.Hehasstudiedlaw andphilosophyattheUniversitiesofInnsbruckandStrasbourgandholdsa MasterofLaws(Yale,2009)andaDoctorateinLaw(UniversityofInsbruck, 2010).In2009–2010,hewasUniversityTraineetoJudgeAbdulG.Koromaand JudgeBrunoSimmaattheInternationalCourtofJustice. SarahNouwenistheMayerBrownResearchFellowinPublicInternationalLaw attheLauterpachtCentreforInternationalLawandPembrokeCollege, Cambridge.SheholdsaPhD(Cantab.)andanLLM(Utrecht/CapeTown/Western Cape)inInternationalLawandanMPhil(Cantab.)inInternationalRelations. ShewasavisitingprofessionalattheInternationalCriminalCourtandhas workedasaconsultantforforeignministries,UgandanandSenegaleseNGOs andtheAfricanUnionHighLevelImplementationPanelforSudan. AnneOrfordistheMichaelD.KirbyProfessorofInternationalLawandthe DirectoroftheInstituteforInternationalLawandtheHumanitiesatMelbourne LawSchool. ShewasawardedanAustralianResearchCouncilProfessorial Fellowshipfrom2007to2011toworkonaprojectentitledCosmopolitanism andtheFutureofInternationalLaw.Herchapterinthisvolumeisdrawnfrom thatproject.HermostrecentbookisInternationalAuthorityandthe ResponsibilitytoProtect(2011). SundhyaPahujaisProfessorofLawandDirectoroftheLawandDevelopment ResearchProgrammeattheInstituteforInternationalLawandtheHumanities, attheUniversityofMelbourne.Herresearchinterestslieininternationallaw, development,globalisation,jurisprudenceandpostcolonialtheory.Hermost Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Queen's University Belfast, on 06 Mar 2018 at 12:33:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139035651