the cambridge companion to GALEN Galen of Pergamum (ad 129–c.216) was the most influen- tial doctor of later antiquity, whose work was to influence medical theory and practice for more than 1,500 years. He was a prolific writer on anatomy, physiology, diagnosis and prognosis, pulse-doctrine, pharmacology, therapeutics and the theory of medicine; but he also wrote extensively on philosophical topics, making original contributions to logic and the philosophy of science, and outlining a scientific epistemology which married a deep respect for empirical adequacy with a commitment to rigorous rational exposi- tion and demonstration. He was also a vigorous polemicist, deeplyinvolvedinthedoctrinaldisputesamongthemedical schoolsofhisday.Thisvolumeoffersanintroductiontoand overview of Galen’s achievement in all these fields, while seeking also to evaluate that achievement in the light of theadvancesmadeinGalenscholarshipoverthepastthirty years. r. j. hankinson isProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniver- sityofTexasatAustin.HeiseditorofGalen:OnAntecedent Causes (1998, 2004) in the Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentariesseries. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 othervolumesintheseriesofcambridgecompanions ABELARD Editedbyjeffrey e. brower and kevin guilfoy ADORNO Editedbythomas huhn ANSELM Editedbybrian davies and brian leftow AQUINAS Editedbynorman kretzmann and eleonore stump ARABIC PHILOSOPHY Editedbypeter adamson and richard c. taylor HANNAH ARENDT Editedbydana villa ARISTOTLE Editedbyjonathan barnes ATHEISM Editedbymichael martin AUGUSTINE Editedbyeleonore stump and norman kretzmann BACON Editedbymarkku peltonen BERKELEY Editedbykenneth p. winkler BRENTANO Editedbydale jacquette CARNAP Editedbymichael friedman CRITICAL THEORY Editedbyfred rush DARWIN Editedbyjonathan hodge and gregory radick SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR Editedbyclaudia card DESCARTES Editedbyjohn cottingham DUNS SCOTUS Editedbythomas williams EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY Editedbya. a. long EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY Editedby michael rutherford FEMINISM IN PHILOSOPHY Editedbymiranda fricker and jennifer hornsby FOUCAULT 2ndedition Editedbygary gutting FREUD Editedbyjerome neu GADAMER Editedbyrobert j. dostal GALILEO Editedbypeter machamer GERMAN IDEALISM Editedbykarl ameriks GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY Editedby david sedley HABERMAS Editedbystephen k. white HAYEK Editedbyedward feser HEGEL Editedbyfrederick beiser HEIDEGGER 2ndedition Editedbycharles guignon Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 HOBBES Editedbytom sorell HOBBES’ ‘LEVIATHAN’ Editedbypatricia springborg HUME Editedbydavid fate norton HUSSERL Editedbybarry smith and david woodruff smith WILLIAM JAMES Editedbyruth anna putnam KANT Editedbypaul guyer KANT AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY Editedby paul guyer KEYNES roger e. backhouse and bradley w. bateman KIERKEGAARD Editedbyalastair hannay and gordon marino LEIBNIZ Editedbynicholas jolley LEVINAS Editedbysimon critchley and robert bernasconi LOCKE Editedbyvere chappell LOCKE’S ‘ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING’ Editedbylex newman LOGICAL EMPIRICISM Editedbyalan richardson and thomas uebel MAIMONIDES Editedbykenneth seeskin MALEBRANCHE Editedbysteven nadler MARX Editedbyterrell carver MEDIEVAL JEWISH PHILOSOPHY Editedby daniel h. frank and oliver leaman MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Editedbya. s. mcgrade MERLEAU-PONTY Editedbytaylor carman and mark b. n. hansen MILL Editedbyjohn skorupski MONTAIGNE Editedbyullrich langer NEWTON Editedbyi. bernard cohen and george e. smith NIETZSCHE Editedbybernd magnus and kathleen higgins OCKHAM Editedbypaul vincent spade PASCAL Editedbynicholas hammond PEIRCE Editedbycheryl misak Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY Editedbydavid l. hull and michael ruse PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA: NEW ESSAYS Editedbym. v. dougherty PLATO Editedbyrichard kraut PLATO’S ‘REPUBLIC’ Editedbyg. r. f. ferrari PLOTINUS Editedbylloyd p. gerson QUINE Editedbyroger f. gibson jr. RAWLS Editedbysamuel freeman THOMAS REID Editedbyterence cuneo and rene van woudenberg RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY Editedbyjames hankins ROUSSEAU Editedbypatrick riley BERTRAND RUSSELL Editedbynicholas griffin SARTRE Editedbychristina howells SCHOPENHAUER Editedbychristopher janaway THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT Editedby alexander broadie ADAM SMITH Editedbyknud haakonssen SPINOZA Editedbydon garrett THE STOICS Editedbybrad inwood TOCQUEVILLE Editedbycheryl b. welch WITTGENSTEIN Editedbyhans sluga and david stern Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 The Cambridge Companion to G A L E N Editedby R. J. Hankinson UniversityofTexasatAustin Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521525589 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2008 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2008 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData TheCambridgecompaniontoGalen/editedbyR.J.Hankinson. p. cm.–(SeriesofCambridgecompanions) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-81954-1(hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-52558-9(pbk.) 1.Galen. I.Hankinson,R.J. II.Title. III.Series. b577.g24c36 2007 610.92–dc22 2007045731 isbn978-0-521-81954-1hardback isbn978-0-521-52558-9paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,and doesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateor appropriate. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 contents Notes on contributors page xi Preface xv Note on citations and abbreviations xix 1 The man and his work 1 r. j. hankinson 2 Galen and his contemporaries 34 g. e. r. lloyd 3 Methodology 49 teun tieleman 4 Logic 66 ben morison 5 Language 116 ben morison 6 Epistemology 157 r. j. hankinson 7 Psychology 184 pierluigi donini 8 Philosophy of nature 210 r. j. hankinson 9 Anatomy 242 julius rocca ix Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008