the cambridge companion to ancient ethics ThefieldofancientGreekethicsisincreasinglyemergingasamajor branchofphilosophicalenquiry,andstudentsandscholarsofancient philosophywillfindthisCompanionarichandinvaluableguidetothe themesandmovementswhichcharacterizedthedisciplinefromthe Pre-SocraticstotheNeo-Platonists.Severalchaptersarededicatedtothe centralfiguresofPlatoandAristotle,andothersexploretheethical thoughtoftheStoics,theEpicureans,theSkeptics,andPlotinus.Further chaptersexamineimportantthemesthatcutacrosstheseschools, includingvirtueandhappiness,friendship,elitism,impartiality,andthe relationshipbetweenancienteudaimonismandmodernmorality.Written byleadingscholarsanddrawingoncutting-edgeresearchtoilluminatethe questionsofancientethics,thisvolumewillprovidestudentsand specialistswithanindispensablecriticaloverviewofthefullrangeof ancientGreekethics. christopher bobonich isC.I.LewisProfessorofPhilosophyat StanfordUniversity,andhaspublishedextensivelyonPlatoand Aristotle.HeistheauthorofPlato’sUtopiaRecast:HisLaterEthicsand Politics(2002),co-editorofAkrasiainGreekPhilosophy:FromSocrates toPlotinus(2007),andeditorofPlato’s“Laws”:ACriticalGuide (CambridgeUniversityPress2010). othervolumesintheseriesofcambridge companions ABELARD EditedbyJEFFREYE.BROWERandKEVINGUILFOY ADORNO EditedbyTHOMASHUHN ANCIENTSCEPTICISM EditedbyRICHARDBETT ANSELM EditedbyBRIANDAVIESandBRIANLEFTOW AQUINAS EditedbyNORMANKRETZMANNandELEONORESTUMP ARABICPHILOSOPHY EditedbyPETERADAMSONandRICHARDC.TAYLOR HANNAHARENDT EditedbyDANAVILLA ARISTOTLE EditedbyJONATHANBARNES ARISTOTLE’SPOLITICS EditedbyMARGUERITEDESLAURIERSandPAULDESTRÉE ATHEISM EditedbyMICHAELMARTIN AUGUSTINE 2ndEditionEditedbyDAVIDMECONIandELEONORESTUMP BACON EditedbyMARKKUPELTONEN BERKELEY EditedbyKENNETHP.WINKLER BOETHIUS EditedbyJOHNMARENBON BRENTANO EditedbyDALEJACQUETTE CARNAP EditedbyMICHAELFRIEDMANandRICHARDCREATH THECOMMUNISTMANIFESTO EditedbyTERRELLCARVERandJAMESFARR CONSTANT EditedbyHELENAROSENBLATT CRITICALTHEORY EditedbyFREDRUSH DARWIN 2ndEditionEditedbyJONATHANHODGEandGREGORYRADICK SIMONEDEBEAUVOIR EditedbyCLAUDIACARD DELEUZE EditedbyDANIELW.SMITHandHENRYSOMERS-HALL DESCARTES EditedbyJOHNCOTTINGHAM DESCARTES’MEDITATIONS EditedbyDAVIDCUNNING DEWEY EditedbyMOLLYCOCHRAN DUNSSCOTUS EditedbyTHOMASWILLIAMS EARLYGREEKPHILOSOPHY EditedbyA.A.LONG EARLYMODERNPHILOSOPHY EditedbyDONALDRUTHERFORD EPICURAENISM EditedbyJAMESWARREN EXISTENTIALISM EditedbySTEVENCROWELL FEMINISMINPHILOSOPHY EditedbyMIRANDAFRICKERandJENNIFERHORNSBY FICHTE EditedbyDAVIDJAMESandGUENTERZOELLER FOUCAULT 2ndEditionEditedbyGARYGUTTING FREGE EditedbyTOMRICKETTSandMICHAELPOTTER (continuedafterindex) The Cambridge Companion to ANCIENT ETHICS Edited by Christopher Bobonich StanfordUniversity,California UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 4843/24,2ndFloor,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,Delhi–110002,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107053915 DOI:10.1017/9781107284258 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2017 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2017 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-107-05391-5Hardback ISBN978-1-107-65231-6Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofContributors pagevii Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 ChristopherBobonich PART I ORIGINS 9 1 WhatIsPre-SocraticEthics? 11 AndréLaks 2 TheHistoricalSocrates 30 DavidConanWolfsdorf PART II PLATO 51 3 VirtueandHappinessinPlato 53 DanielDevereux 4 Plato’sEthicalPsychology 72 RachanaKamtekar 5 PlatoonLoveandFriendship 86 FrisbeeSheffield PART III ARISTOTLE 103 6 AristotleonVirtueandHappiness 105 DavidCharles 7 Aristotle’sEthicalPsychology 124 JessicaMoss 8 AristotleonLoveandFriendship 143 CorinneA.Gartner v vi contents PART IV THE HELLENISTICS AND BEYOND 163 9 EpicurusandtheEpicureansonEthics 165 RaphaelWoolf 10 TheStoicsonVirtueandHappiness 183 KatjaMariaVogt 11 TheStoics’EthicalPsychology 200 MargaretGraver 12 SkepticalEthics 218 LucaCastagnoli 13 EthicsinPlotinusandHisSuccessors 240 DominicJ.O’Meara PART V THEMES 263 14 AncientEudaimonismandModernMorality 265 JuliaAnnas 15 PartialityandImpartialityinAncientEthics 281 RichardKraut 16 ElitisminPlatoandAristotle 298 ChristopherBobonich 17 BecomingGodlike 319 DavidSedley 18 HoraceandPracticalPhilosophy 338 TerenceIrwin Bibliography 358 Index 381 Contributors Julia Annas is Regents Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. She is the author of An Introduction to Plato’s Republic (1981), The Morality of Happiness (1993), Platonic Ethics, Old and New(1999),andIntelligentVirtue(2011). Christopher Bobonich is C.I. Lewis Professor of Philosophy at Stanford University. He is the author of Plato’s Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics (2002). He has edited Plato’s Laws: A Critical Guide (Cambridge University Press 2010) and co-edited with Pierre Destrée Akrasia in Greek Philosophy: From Socrates to Plotinus (2007). Luca CastagnoliisAssociateProfessor ofAncientGreekPhilosophy at theFacultyofPhilosophyofOxfordUniversityandaStavrosNiarchos Foundation Fellow at Oriel College. He is the author of Ancient Self- Refutation (Cambridge University Press 2010) and the editor of TheCambridgeCompaniontoAncientLogic(forthcoming). David Charles is Professor of Philosophy at Yale University. He is the author of Aristotle’s Philosophy of Action (1984) and Aristotle on Meaning and Essence (2000), and the editor of Definition in Greek Philosophy(2010). DanielDevereuxisProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofVirginia. Heistheauthorofnumerousarticlesontheethicsandmetaphysicsof Plato and Aristotle, and is the co-editor of Biologie, logique etmétaphysiquechezAristote(1990). Corinne A. Gartner is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Wellesley College. She has published several articles on ancient moral psychology. vii viii list of contributors MargaretGraverisAaronLawrenceProfessorofClassicsatDartmouth College. Her publications include Stoicism and Emotion (2007) and Cicero on the Emotions: Tusculan Disputations 3 and 4 (2002). Together with A.A. Long, she has recently published a complete annotatedtranslationofSeneca’sletters(2015). Terence Irwin is Professor of Ancient Philosophy in the University of OxfordandaFellowofKebleCollege.Heisthetranslatorandeditorof Plato’s Gorgias (1979) and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (1999), and his other publications include Aristotle’s First Principles (1988), Classical Thought (1989), Plato’s Ethics (1995), and The Development ofEthics,inthreevolumes(2007–09). Rachana Kamtekar is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona.Sheworksinancientphilosophy,primarilyonethics,politics, and moral psychology. She has edited Critical Essays on Plato’s Euthyphro, Apology and Crito (2004), The Blackwell Companion to Socrates (along with Sara Ahbel-Rappe, 2006), and Virtue and Happiness:EssaysinHonourofJuliaAnnas(2012).Sheistheauthorof Plato’sMoralPsychology(forthcoming). Richard Kraut is the Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Humanities at Northwestern University. He is the author of Socrates and the State (1984), Aristotle on the Human Good (1989), Aristotle: PoliticalPhilosophy(2002),andHowtoReadPlato(2008). AndréLaksretiredfromtheUniversityofParis-Sorbonnein2011andis Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the Universidad Panamericana, Mexico, D.F. His publications include Le Vide et la haine. Eléments pour une histoire archaïque de la négativité (2004), Médiation et coercition.Pourunelecturedes‘Lois’dePlaton(2005),Introductionà la ‘philosophie présocratique’ (2006), Histoire, Doxographie, Vérité. Etudes sur Aristote, Théophraste et la philosophie présocratique (2007),andDiogèned’Apollonie.Ladernièrecosmologieprésocratique (2008). He is the coauthor with Glenn W. Most of Early Greek Philosophy,Loeb Collection9vol. (2016) (alsoavailableinFrench:Les débutsdelaphilosophiegrecque(2016)). list of contributors ix JessicaMossisProfessorofPhilosophyatNewYorkUniversity.Sheis the author of Aristotle on the Apparent Good: Perception, Thought, PhantasiaandDesire(2012). Dominic J. O’Meara is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Fribourg. His publications include Pythagoras Revived: Mathematics and Philosophy in Late Antiquity (1989), Plotinus: An Introduction to the Enneads (1993), and Platonopolis: Platonic PoliticalPhilosophyinLateAntiquity(2003). David Sedley was formerly Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy 2000–14, and remains a Fellow of Christ’s College. His publications includeTheHellenisticPhilosophers(withA.A.Long,1987),Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom (1998), Plato’s Cratylus (2003), The Midwife of Platonism: Text and Subtext in Plato’s Theaetetus(2004),andCreationismandItsCriticsinAntiquity(2007). Frisbee Sheffield is Affiliated Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics at the UniversityofCambridgeandaBye-FellowofGirtonCollege.Sheisthe author of Plato’s Symposium: The Ethics of Desire (2006) and the co- editor of Plato’s Symposium: Issues in Interpretation and Reception (with D. Nails and J. Lesher, 2006), Plato’s Symposium for Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy (with M.C. Howatson, 2008), and The Routledge Companion to Ancient Philosophy (with J. Warren, 2014). KatjaMariaVogtisProfessorofPhilosophyatColumbiaUniversity.Her publications include Skepsis und Lebenspraxis (1998, paperback with new material 2015), Law, Reason, and the Cosmic City: Political Philosophy in the Early Stoa (2008), Belief and Truth: A Skeptic Reading of Plato(2012), and numerous articles in her fields. She is the editor and co-translator of Diogenes Laertius’s report on Pyrrhonian Skepticism(2015). DavidConanWolfsdorfisProfessorofPhilosophyatTempleUniversity. HeistheauthorofTrialsofReason:PlatoandtheCraftingofPhilosophy (2008)andPleasureinAncientGreekPhilosophy(2013),andtheeditorof EarlyGreekEthics(forthcoming). x list of contributors RaphaelWoolfisReaderinPhilosophyatKing’sCollegeLondon.Heis the author of Cicero: The Philosophy of a Roman Sceptic (2015) and translator of Cicero’s De Finibus (with Julia Annas, Cambridge University Press 2001) and Aristotle’s Eudemian Ethics (with Brad Inwood,CambridgeUniversityPress2013).