Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUME VI Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY SECOND EDITION VOLUME VI The Fourth Century B.C. Edited by D. M. LEWIS F.B.A. Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford JOHN BOARDMAN F.B.A. Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art in the University of Oxford SIMON HORNBLOWER Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College and Lecturer in Ancient History in the University of Oxford M. OSTWALD William R. Kenan, Jr, Professor Emeritus of Classics, Swarthmore College and Professor Emeritus of Classical Studies, University of Pennsylvania 1 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY IOOI 1-421 I, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vie 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1994 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1994 Fifth printing 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue recordfor this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress card no. 7}-SJJI$ ISBN o 521 23348 8 hardback Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS List of maps page xiii hist of text-figures xiv Preface xvii i Sources and their uses i by SIMON HORNBLOWER i Sparta as victor 24 by D. M. LEWIS 1 The leader of Greece 24 11 Athens 32 in Sparta, 403—395 B.C. 40 3 Persia 45 bj SIMON HORNBLOWER 1 Introduction 45 11 The Achaemenid dynasty, 479-330 B.C. 48 in The nature of Persian rule and the powers of satraps 50 iv Persian political history: the involvement with the Greeks, 400—336 B.C. 64 4 The Corinthian War 97 by ROBIN SEAGER, Reader in Classics and Ancient History, University of Liverpool 1 The causes and outbreak of war 97 n The war on land, 395—394 B.C. 100 in The return of Conon 103 iv The peace negotiations of 392-391 B.C. 106 v The war on land, 391-388 B.C. 109 vi The Aegean, 391—386 B.C. 112 vn The King's Peace 117 5 Sicily, 413—368 B.C. 120 by D. M. LEWIS Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 vi CONTENTS 6 The King's Peace and the Second Athenian Confederacy 156 by ROBIN SEAGER 1 The supremacy of Sparta 15 6 11 The resurgence of Athens 163 in The rise of Thebes 176 7 Thebes in the 360s B.C. 187 by j. ROY, Senior Lecturer in Classics, University of Nottingham 1 Central Greece 188 11 Peloponnesian affairs, 370—367 B.C. 189 in Thessaly and Macedon, 369—367 B.C. 194 iv Peace negotiations, 367—366 B.C. 196 v Central Greece and the Peloponnese, 366—365 B.C. 197 vi Northern Greece and the Aegean, 366—364 B.C. 200 VII Peloponnesian affairs, 365—362 B.C. 203 vni Internal political conflict in Greek states in this period 204 ix The aftermath of the Battle of Mantinea 207 8 Regional surveys I: Persian lands and neighbours 209 %a Asia Minor 209 by SIMON HORNBLOWER %b Mesopotamia, 482—330 B.C. 234 by MATTHEW w. STOLPER, Professor of Assyriology, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilisations and The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago 1 Traces of political history 234 11 Documentation, settlement and landscape 241 in Tenure, extraction and control 245 iv Babylonian society and culture under Achaemenid influence 253 8f Judah 261 by HAYIM TADMOR, Professor of Assyriology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1 The Return 262 11 Construction of the Temple 264 in Ezra and his mission 272 iv Nehemiah's achievement 276 v The Samaritans and the circumstances of their separation 286 vi Language and literature 290 id Cyprus and Phoenicia 297 by F. G. MAIER, Professor of Ancient History, University of Zurich 1 The kingdoms of Cyprus 297 11 Cyprus between Persia and the Greeks, c. 495-411 B.C. 306 in The reign of Evagoras of Salamis 312 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 CONTENTS v11 iv The city states of Phoenicia 317 v Cyprus and Phoenicia: from the Cypriot War to the Peace of 311 B.C. 326 Se Egypt, 404-332 B.C. 337 by ALAN B. LLOYD, Professor of Classics and Ancient History in the University College of Swansea 1 Internal history 337 11 Foreign relations 345 in Culture 349 Appendix: chronology 3 5 5 9 Regional surveys II: the West and North 361 9« Carthage from the battle at Himera to Agathocles' invasion, 480-308 B.C. 361 by G. CH. PI CARD, Honorary Professor, Universite de Paris — Sorbonne 1 Sources and approaches 361 n The rule of the Magonids 365 in The dismantling of kingship 371 yb South Italy in the fourth century B.C. 381 by NICHOLAS PURCELL, Fellow and Tutor of St John's College, and Lecturer in Ancient History in the University of Oxford <)c Celtic Europe 404 by D.W. HARDING, Abercromby Professor of Archaeology, University of Edinburgh <)d Illyrians and North-west Greeks 422 ij N.C.L. HAMMOND, Professor Emeritus of Greek, University of Bristol 1 The Illyrians c. 540—360 B.C. 422 11 The north-west Greeks c. 540—360 B.C. 430 in Illyrians and north-west Greeks c. 360— 323 B.C. 436 9<? Thracians and Scythians . 444 by ZOFIA H. ARCHIBALD 1 The founding rulers of the Odrysian kingdom - Teres and Sitalces 444 11 The north Aegean background 451 in Athens, Amphipolis and Thrace in the Peloponnesian War period 453 iv Amadocus the Elder and Younger, Hebryzelmis and Cotys I 457 v Philip II of Macedon and Odrysian Thrace 465 vi Scythians, Triballi and Getae 471 VII Philip II, Atheas and the Triballi 473 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Vlll CONTENTS 5/" The Bosporan Kingdom 476 by JOHN HIND, Lecturer in Ancient History, University of Leeds 1 Introduction: topography and sources 476 n Colonization in the Black Sea and by the Bosporus 481 HI The fifth century 488 iv The early Spartocids: arcbons or barbarian tyrants? 49 5 v Kings of a declining Bosporus 502 vi Successful synoecism on the Cimmerian Bosporus 506 ()g Mediterranean communications 512 by L. CASSON, Professor Emeritus of Classics, New York University 1 Communications by land 512 11 Sailing the Mediterranean 513 in The ships 516 iv The eastern basin 519 v The Malta and Sicily channels and Strait of Messina 522 vi The western basin 5 2 3 vii Ports 524 10 Society and economy 527 by M. M. AUSTIN, Senior Lecturer in Ancient History, University of St Andrews 1 Social and political conflicts {stasis) 528 11 Population and military manpower 5 3 5 in The finances of Greek states 541 iv External sources of wealth 5 51 v The corn supply of Greek states 5 5 8 11 The polis and the alternatives 565 by P.J. RHODES, Professor of Ancient History in the University of Durham 1 Fourth-century Athens: the machinery of government 565 n Fourth-century Athens: the anatomy of politics 573 in Alternatives to the polis 5 79 iv The failure of the polis? 5 89 12 Greek culture and science 592 iza The growth of schools and the advance of knowledge 592 by M. oSTWALDand JOHN P. LYNCH, Professor of Classics, University of California at Santa Crut^ 1 Antecedents 592 11 The first schools 594 in Plato's Academy 602 iv Aristotle and the Peripatos 616 v Conclusions 631 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008