VOLUME61, NUMBER3 125 Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 61(3), 2007, 125–137 THE BUTTERFLY DRAWINGS BY JOHN ABBOT IN THE HARGRETT RARE BOOK AND MANUSCRIPT LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA. JOHNV. CALHOUN1 977 Wicks Dr., Palm Harbor, FL 34684 ABSTRACT.Artist-naturalist John Abbot completed 105 drawings of insects that are now deposited in the Hargrett Rare Book and Manu- script Library, University of Georgia. The provenance of these drawings is unknown, but available evidence dates them to ca. 1820–1825. The adults in the 32 butterfly drawings are identified and the figures of larvae and pupae are assessed for accuracy. The illustrated plants are also identified and their status as valid hosts is examined. Abbot’s accompanying notes are transcribed and analyzed. Erroneous figures of larvae, pupae, and hostplants are discussed using examples from the Hargrett Library. At least four of the butterfly species portrayed in the drawings were probably more widespread in eastern Georgia during Abbot’s lifetime. Additional key words: Larva, Lepidoptera, pupa, watercolors In 1776, the English artist-naturalist John Abbot METHODS (1751–ca.1840) arrived in Georgia, where he I visited the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript documented species of animals and plants for the next Library (University of Georgia) in April, 2005. Digital six decades. Living in Burke, Bullock, Chatham, and photographs were taken of John Abbot’s butterfly Screven Counties of eastern Georgia, he explored a drawings and their accompanying notes. The adult region roughly bound by the cities of Augusta and butterflies were identified and the figures compared Savannah, between the Oconee, Altamaha, and with those in other sets of Abbot’s drawings that are Savannah Rivers. Abbot longed to expand his travels, deposited elsewhere (e.g. the Houghton Library, writing in 1819, “I had thoughts of taking a Trip to the Harvard University, and the Alexander Turnbull Library, back State of Tennessee to collect insects and Birds, but Wellington, New Zealand). Figures of butterfly larvae I think when Florida is taken possession of and settled and pupae were analyzed for accuracy using written by the United States, it will afford an ample field for descriptions, line drawings, and photographs of living collecting if Life and health permits” (William Swainson specimens. Botanist Mark A. Garland provided correspondence, Linnean Society of London). Abbot identifications of the depicted plants, which were then never fulfilled his desire to explore Tennessee and evaluated as hosts. Florida, yet he worked tirelessly in Georgia for the remainder of his life. RESULTS Abbot was the first to record thousands of New World Analysis. The insect drawings by John Abbot in the species. His drawings and specimens formed the basis Hargrett Library are contained in two volumes, each of numerous new taxa that were described by bound in full contemporary brown leather. The gilt prominent American and European naturalists. His spine titles read “MOTHS OF GEORGIA” with an drawings continue to serve as an important source of indication of volume number. The board covers are information about the flora and fauna of southeastern adorned with elaborate gilt borders and blind tooling. North America. However, Abbot’s illustrations and Both volumes include yellow marbled endpapers. The written observations often contradict our current volumes are enclosed in a modern rigid black case with understanding of many species (Calhoun 2007). It is a gilt spine title that reads “MOTHS OF GEORGIA/ helpful to examine his artwork more closely and over JOHN ABBOT/WATER-COLOUR MANUSCRIPT.” the course of his long career in America. I have This set of 105 insect drawings includes Coleoptera previously analyzed Abbot’s entomological contributions (3), Hemiptera (1), Hymenoptera (1), Lepidoptera (99), in Calhoun (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006a, 2006b, 2007). As and Orthoptera (1). The drawings are rendered on another installment in this study, I present a review of cream-colored wove paper, measuring 25.1 × 34.3 cm Abbot’s butterfly drawings that are preserved in the (9.5 ×13.5 in). Some sheets of paper possess undated Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library, watermarks of “T G & C” (T G & Co). This paper was University of Georgia. manufactured by Thomas and Joshua Gilpin, whose mill was located north of Wilmington, Delaware from 1787 1Research Associate, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, until 1837 (Gravell & Miller 1979). Other sheets with DPI, FDACS, Gainesville, Florida 32614, USA the watermark of “W B” came from the mills of William 126126 JOURNALOFTHELEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Barber (Barbour), who produced paper in Berks of the consignee for the Sotheby’s auction. Sotheby’s County, Pennsylvania as early as 1808 (Gravell & Miller (1985a) did not identify the prior owner. 1979). Although Abbot employed English papers Completion. Because nothing is known about the earlier in his career, he was now primarily using early history of these drawings, existing evidence was American papers. The Lepidoptera drawings are used to determine their age. Aspects of Abbot’s artistic intended to portray the life history of each species and methods and written observations were discussed in include figures of the larva, pupa, and a supposed Calhoun (2006a, 2007). The Hargrett Library drawings hostplant (Figs. 1–4). Thirty-two of these drawings are arranged in simple numerical order and are not portray butterflies (Table 1). Drawing no. 9 was figured haphazardly numbered like drawings that Abbot had by Sotheby’s (1985a). completed ca. 1800–1810. Many of the butterfly The accompanying eleven pages of manuscript notes compositions are duplicates of Abbot’s life history are included separately and written in Abbot’s hand on drawings, ca. 1810–1815, that were copied for color wove paper measuring 20.7 ×31.8 cm (8.13 ×12.5 in). plates in Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]) (Calhoun They are entitled “Notes to the Drawings of Insects” 2004). Entries in the accompanying notes for those and include numbered entries that correspond to the drawings are also similar to the Hargrett Library notes. drawings. Abbot identified the insects and plants in his A large number of the Hargrett Library drawings are drawings using either English or Latin names. When he duplicated within a set of 103 watercolors that Abbot completed these illustrations he was using Latin names completed between 1816 and 1818 for the English more regularly, even though their spelling and naturalist William Swainson (Calhoun 2007). The application were inexact (Calhoun 2007). The insect associated notes and watermarks of these drawings are and plant names that Abbot used in his notes are likewise very similar. Although Abbot duplicated inscribed in pencil on many of the drawings in an compositions for many years, the diminished quality of unknown hand. Based on the calligraphic style, these the Hargrett Library drawings is reminiscent of his later inscriptions were probably added by an early owner and work. It seems that Abbot abandoned life history likely date to the early or mid-nineteenth century. For drawings during the late 1820s in favor of less complex most butterflies, Abbot recorded the dates that each geometric patterns of adult insects. species “tyed up” (larva suspended prior to pupation), Abbot employed a greater number of Latin names for “changed” (pupated), and “bred” (eclosed as an adult). the Hargrett Library drawings than those for William For skipper butterflies of the family Hesperiidae, he Swainson. Over the years, Abbot less often recorded recorded when the larva “spun up” or “spun up in the when butterfly larvae “tyed up.” The notes for the leaves” (pupated). Swainson drawings include 17 such references, while Virtually nothing is known about the provenance of those at the Hargrett Library include only three. Some these drawings. In 1985, they were purchased at a of the Hargrett Library notes incorporate additional Sotheby’s auction in London for £11,000 by the London comments that are not found in the Swainson set. The bookseller Maggs Brothers (Sotheby’s 1985a, Sotheby’s binding of the Hargrett Library volumes is very similar 1985b, Leab & Leab 1986). Sotheby’s (1985a) to copies of Smith & Abbot (1797) that were bound in mistakenly believed that they were not the work of Britain around 1825 (Calhoun 2006a). Based on this Abbot, but instead were “undoubtedly executed by a evidence, the Hargrett Library drawings were probably pupil or imitator.” This opinion was based on the higher completed ca. 1820–1825. They may represent some of quality of Abbot’s earlier drawings that are preserved in Abbot’s last drawings of this type. After residing in The Natural History Museum, London. Sotheby’s London for over 160 years, the drawings were returned (1985a) hesitantly dated the drawings to ca. 1820. Not to within 270 km (168 mi) of their origin in Bullock Co., long after this auction, the volumes were purchased by Georgia, where Abbot lived from 1818 until his death. the New York City bookseller Donald A. Heald, who sold them in 1998 to the University of Georgia (M. E. DISCUSSION Brooks pers comm.). Also included in this sale were a Erroneous associations. Abbot’s life history set of Abbot’s spider drawings and a unique copy of drawings frequently deviate from reality and those in Smith & Abbot (1797) that contains plates printed on the Hargrett Library are no exception. His figures of vellum (Calhoun 2006a). Owing to the British spelling larvae and pupae are sometimes inconsistent with the of “Water-Colour” on the spine, the black case was associated adults. Others are too imprecise to identify, added by either Sotheby’s or Maggs Brothers. The clearly fabricated, or “borrowed” from his illustrations name “J. McDougal” is inscribed in modern blue ink on of other species. The depicted hostplants are often a flyleaf of each volume. This is possibly the signature untenable or require confirmation (Calhoun 2006a, VOLUME61, NUMBER3 127 FIGS. 1-4. John Abbot butterfly drawings in the Hargrett Library. 1,Zerene cesonia(no. 17). 2,Limenitis archippus(no. 10). 3, Autochton cellus(no. 21). 4,Atlides halesus(no. 31) (erroneous larva and hostplant). 128128 JOURNALOFTHELEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY TABLE1. Adult butterflies, early stages, and plants depicted in John Abbot drawings in the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Abbot’s original manuscript entries are included for each (Abbot’s grammar and spelling are preserved). Insect nomencla- ture follows Opler & Warren (2003). Adult insect figures: D=dorsal, V=ventral, m=male, f=female. Early stages: L=larva, P=pupa, a=acceptable, u=unacceptable. Status of figured hostplants (in brackets): C=confirmed, NC=needs confirmation, E=erroneous. Drawing Figured adults Plant species and Manuscript entry by J. Abbot No. and early stages host status 6 Papilio glaucusLinnaeus Styrax americanusLam. (Styracaceae) [C] 6. Papilio Glaucus. The Caterpillar feeds on the plant figured, Styrax laevigata, Df, Vf, La, Pa “aSmtyerriacxa nlauesv.i g“aStwa”a mis pa Asysnho”n (ypmro bofa bSl.y Sbyw athmep t aAils h1 1athndO cHtricCcohrayn, gTeyde dth iet s1e3lfth uipnto Fraxinus pennsylvanicaMarsh.) (Oleaceae) Chrysalis. The Butterfly was bred 2d and “Hiccory” [hickory] (Caryasp.) April. It also breeds again in the Summer. The Caterpillar is very rare, and the (Juglandaceae) are also confirmed hostplants. Butterfly not common. NOTES: only the dark form of the female is portrayed. Duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plates 8 and 9 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). It is interesting that Abbot followed contemporary wisdom in treating this form as a separate species from the butterflies in drawing no. 8, especially since he reared both and noted that each fed on “Swamp Ash”. Moreover, he portrayed slightly different immatures in these drawings. Abbot possibly knew the truth about this form, but was hesitant to refute more “learned” naturalists who were also paying customers. 7 Papilio cresphontes Cramer Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.(Rutaceae) [C]7. Papilio Thoas. Feeds on the Xanthoxylum Clava sterenlus, and the “Xanthoxylum Clava sterenlus” is a misspelledorange tree. Tyed up the 6thMay, changed Dm, Vm, La, Pa reference toZ. clava-herculis (Rutaceae). the 7thbred 27thanother that changed the “Orange tree” (Citrus sp.) (Rutaceae) is also a 15thMay, was bred 3dJune, and another confirmed hostplant. that changed the 30thJune, bred 19thJuly. It frequents in, and in the neighbourhood of Savannah, but is not to be met with a few miles inland. NOTES: duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plates 12 and 13 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). The cultivation of orange trees was probably responsible for the occurrence of this butterfly “in the neighbourhood of Savannah.” Specimens of P. cresphontes were generally identified as Papilio thoasLinnaeus until they were recognized as a different species. 8 Papilio glaucusLinnaeus Ptelea trifoliata L. (Rutaceae) [C] 8. Papilio Eq. Gr. Turnus. Feeds on the Ptelia trifoliata, and Swamp Ash, changed “Swamp Ash” (probablyFraxinus the 20thJune, bred 4thJuly. May be met Dm, Vm, La, Pa pennsylvanica Marsh.) (Oleaceae) is also a with thinly scattered in most parts of the confirmed hostplant. Country NOTES: see drawing no. 6. Duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plates 6 and 7 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). Abbot’s name for the butterfly was derived from the Linnaean classification system; “Eq.” refers to the group Equites(Eques) and “Gr.,” a mistake for “Tr.,” refers to the subgroup Trojani (Troës). This subgroup is also in error, as the name Papilio turnusL. was originally placed by Linnaeus into the subgroup Achivi. 9 Papilio palamedes Drury Magnolia virginiana L. (Magnoliaceae) [E] 9. Papilio Chalcas. Feeds on the Magnolia Glauca, changed the 31stMay, bred 14th Dm, Vm, La, Pa “Magnolia Glauca” is a synonym ofM. June another that changed the 18thSepr virginiana. bred the 24thMarch. Continues to breed all the Summer, and is frequent all over the Country NOTES: a duplicate drawing by Abbot was figured in Calhoun (2007). Duplicate figures of the larva and pupa by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 5 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). The erroneous association of this butterfly with Magnolia virginianawas discussed in Calhoun (2007). The pupa is too colorful, but conceptually accurate. “Papilio Chalcas” (i.e. Papilio chalcasFabricius) is now considered to be a junior synonym of P. palamedes. VOLUME61, NUMBER3 129 TABLE1. Continued Drawing Figured adults Plant species and Manuscript entry by J. Abbot No. and early stages host status 10 Limenitis archippus (Cramer) Licania michauxii Prance 10. Black veined orange Butterfly. Feeds (Chrysobalanacae) [NC] on the species of Papaw figured, but is most frequent on Willow changed the 31st Dm, Df, Vf, La, Pa “Papaw” apparently refers to the depicted July, bred 7thAugust, neither the plant (commonly known as gopher apple), Caterpillar or Butterfly is common. though Abbot validly used this name for species ofAsimina (Annonaceae). “Willow”(Salix sp.) (Salicaceae) is a valid hostplant. NOTES: see Fig. 1. Portions of a duplicate drawing by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 55 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). The depicted plant may be the result of an association error or an aesthetic substitution. Based on a penciled inscription on a duplicate drawing at Harvard University, Scudder (1888–1889) identified the plant as Chrysobalanus oblongifolius Michx., which is now considered to be a synonym of L. michauxii. 11 Astererocampa clyton (Boisduval & Le Vaccinium stamineum L. (Ericaceae) [E] 11. Orange coloured Butterfly. Feeds on Conte) the wild Gooseberry, changed 21stMay, “Sugarberry” refers toCeltis. bred 9thJune, is very rare. Dm, Df, Vf, La, Pu NOTES: Calhoun (2007) figured a duplicate drawing by Abbot and discussed the erroneous larva, pupa, and hostplant in this composition (see text). Scudder (1888–1889) identified the larva as P. interrogationisand the pupa as Polygonia comma(Harris). However, I have found no evidence that Abbot ever encountered P. commain Georgia, nor does the larva resemble that species. 12 Chlosyne gorgone (Hübner) Helianthus divaricatus L.(Asteraceae) [C] 12. Cross wort Frittilary Butterfly. Feeds on the Cross wort, and sunflower, “Cross wort” apparently refers to H. changed 17thMay, bred 26th. Frequents Dm, Df, Vm, La, Pa divericatus(see Calhoun 2003). This is the Oak Woods of Burke County but is possibly a misapplication of a common not in the lower parts of the Country. name for the British yellow-flowered herb,Cruciata laevipesOpiz (Rubiaceae). “Sunflower” probably indicates another species of Helianthus. NOTES: : this drawing was figured in Parkinson & Rogers-Price (1984) and Calhoun (2003). Duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 46 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]) to accompany the original description of the enigmatic taxon Melitaea ismeria(Calhoun 2003, 2004, 2005). It is believed that Abbot’s mention of “the lower parts of the Country” refers to bottomland habitats. This phrase, not included in the accompanying notes for three other known duplicates of this drawing, offers further evidence that Abbot did not consider C. gorgoneto be the same species as Chlosyne nycteis(Doubleday) as suggested by Gatrelle (2003). The larva in this composition is conceptually consistent with C. gorgone. “Frittilary” is a misspelling of the British name “Fritillary.” 13 Phyciodes phaon (Edwards) Chrysopsis mariana (L..)Elliott 13. Small Frittilary Butterfly. Feeds on (Asteraceae) [NC/E] the flower figured, changed the 10thJune, Dm bred 21st. The Caterpillar is rare, but the Butterfly is frequent in all parts of the Phyciodes tharos (Drury) Country, the whole Summer. Df, Vf, La, Pa NOTES: Abbot obviously did not distinguish between these two species of butterflies. The larva and pupa are most consistent with P. tharos. The plant may be a possible natural host of P. tharos, but not of P. phaon, which is known to feed almost exclusively on species of Phyla (Verbenaceae) (see text). 14 Asterocampa celtis (Boisduval & Le Celtis cf. tenuifolia Nutt. (Celtaceae) [C] 14. Papilio Portlandia. Feeds on the Conte) Sugar berry, changed 7thMay, bred 20th. “Sugarberry” refers to the figured Celtis. Is very rare Dm, Df, Vm, Lu, Pa NOTES: portions of a duplicate drawing by Abbot were reproduced on Plate 57 of Boisduval &Le Conte (1829–[1837]) to accompany the original description of this species. The larva, and possibly also the pupa, is A. clyton(see drawing no. 11). Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]) and Scudder (1888–1889) identified the depicted plant as Celtis occidentalis L. (Celtaceae). Abbot repeatedly misapplied the name “Papilio Portlandia” (i.e. Papilio portlandiaFabricius) to this species (Calhoun 2007). 130130 JOURNALOFTHELEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY TABLE1. Continued Drawing Figured adults Plant species and Manuscript entry by J. Abbot No. and early stages host status 15 Libytheana carinenta (Cramer) Celtis cf. tenuifolia Nutt. (Celtaceae) [C] 15. Snout Butterfly. Feeds on the Sugarberry, or Hackberry,changed 29th “Sugarberry” and “Hackberry” refers to April, bred 8thMay, is rare. Dm, Vm, La, Pa Celtis. NOTES: a duplicate drawing by Abbot was figured in Calhoun (2004). With the exception of the adult figures, most of another duplicate drawing by Abbot was reproduced for Plate 64 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). Scudder (1888–18889) identified the plant in duplicate drawings as Celtis occidentalisL. (Celtaceae). Species of Libytheidae have long been called “Snout” butterflies in Britain. 16 Ascia monuste (Linnaeus) Cleome gynandra L. (Capparaceae) [C] 16. White Butterfly Vanessa. Feeds on the Cleome pentaphillas. changed 17thJuly, “Cleome pentaphillas,” a misspelling of bred 23rd, many of the female Butterflies Dm, Df(2), Vf, La, Pa C. pentaphylla L.,is a synonym ofC. varies being of a dingy black as figured, gynandra. They are some Years in plenty in, and about Savannah. NOTES: duplicate drawings by Abbot were figured in Gilbert (1998) and Calhoun (2004). Duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 16 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]) (Calhoun 2004). Abbot’s notes aptly describe the irregular migratory presence of the subspecies A. m. phileta(Fabricius) in coastal Georgia (Calhoun 2004). Abbot’s name for this species, “Vanessa,” is misapplied. In an 1813 letter, the botanist William Baldwin noted that the figured hostplant, C. gynandra, grew “spontaneously about the suburbs of Savannah” (Darlington 1843). 17 Zerene cesonia (Stoll) Dalea pinnata (J. F. Gmelin)Barneby 17. Clouded yellow Butterfly. P. Philippi. (Fabaceae) [C] Feeds on the plant figured, changed 19th April, bred 2dMay, continues to breed all Dm, Df, Vm, La, Pa the Summer and Autumn. Is most common in the Pine woods. often settles several together to suck the moist places in roads, and other places. NOTES: see Fig. 1. The late season form of this species is portrayed. Duplicate figures of the larva and pupa by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 22 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). Boisduval & Le Conte misidentified the depicted plant as Tagetes papposa Vent., a synonym of Dyssodia papposa(Vent.)Hitchc. (Asteraceae). Abbot’s Latin name, “P. Philippi,” is a misspelling of Papilio phillipaFabricius, a junior synonym of Papilio cesonia. 18 Cercyonis pegala (Fabricius) Panicum sp, possiblyP. dichotomiflorum 18. Great meadow brown Butterfly. Feeds Michx. orP. rigidulum Nees (Poaceae) on the grass figured, and other grasses, Dm, Df, Vf, La, Pa [NC] changed 20thJune, bred 5thJuly. Frequents the Pine woods, is not common. NOTES: portions of a duplicate drawing by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 59 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]) (the figure of the larva was reversed). Additional comments about this composition were included in Calhoun (2007). Abbot’s English name for this butterfly was derived from its superficial resemblance to the common European butterfly, Maniola jurtina(L.), known in Britain as the meadow brown since the early eighteenth century. 19 Cyllopsis gemma (Hübner) Panicum sp.(Poaceae) [NC] 19. Swamp brown Butterfly. Feeds on the grass figured and other grasses, Tyed up This species feeds on grasses, but natural 10thApril, changed the 11thbred 24th. Dm, Df, Vm, Lu, Pu hostplants are poorly known. Frequents Swamps and hammocks, is not “ common. NOTES: most of a duplicate drawing by Abbot was reproduced for Plate 62 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). The head of the depicted larva lacks the distinctive horns of this species. This same figure of the larva is found in at least two of Abbot’s drawings of Hermeupychia sosybius(drawing no. 20), suggesting that he “borrowed” it to illustrate the life history of C. gemma. Moreover, the pupa in this drawing also lacks horns and is consistent with H. sosybius. VOLUME61, NUMBER3 131 TABLE1. Continued Drawing Figured adults Plant species and Manuscript entry by J. Abbot No. and early stages host status 20 Hermeupychia sosybius (Fabricius) Carex sp., possiblyC. hyalinolepis 20. Small Ringlet Butterfly. Feeds on the Steudel (Cyperaceae) [NC] Grass figured, and other grasses, changed 24thAugust, bred 11thSepr. Dm, Df, Vm, Lu, Pa Frequents the Swamps and fields, is frequent in most parts. NOTES: this butterfly is known to feed only on grasses (Poaceae). Abbot may have collected the wrong plant for his illustration, possibly confusing it with the host of Neonympha areolatus(J. E. Smith), which feeds on sedges (Cyperaceae). To Abbot, sedges were simply “grasses.” The depicted larva lacks the pair of posterior appendages that are found in this species. Abbot included a more accurate larva in at least two other drawings of this species, but later applied it to C. gemma(see drawing no. 19 and text). The name “Ringlet” was derived from its remote similarity to the widespread European species, Aphantopus hyperantus(L.), which has been known as the ringlet in Britain since the mid-eighteenth century. 21 Autochton cellus (Boisduval & Le Conte) Stylisma aquatica (Walter)Raf. 21. Barr’d Skipper Butterfly. Feeds on (Convolvulaceae) [E] the Convolvulus figured, spun up 4th This plant was previously placed in the April, bred 25th. Frequents the sides of Dm, Vm, La, Pa genus Convolvulus L.as indicated by Swamps, is rare. Abbot. NOTES: see Fig. 3. Most of a duplicate drawing by Abbot was reproduced for Plate 73 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]), representing the “original description” of this species. This skipper feeds almost exclusively on Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.)Fern.(Fabaceae) in eastern North America (Burns 1984). Abbot’s depiction is either an aesthetic substitution or he misidentified the plant when he collected samples for this composition. Scudder (1888-1889) identified the plant on the published plate in Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–-[1837]) as Breweria aquatica(Walter)A. Gray, which is now considered to be a synonym of S. aquatica. The pupa is conceptually accurate, but should be stouter in shape. 22 Problema bulenta (Boisduval & Le Panicum sp., possiblyP. dichotomiflorum 22. Broad grass Skipper Butterfly. Feeds Conte) Michx. orP. virgatum L. (Poaceae) [NC] on the broad grass, folding itself in the leaf, changed 25thJuly, bred 6thAugust. Dm, Df, Vm, La, Pa “Broad grass” refers to this or a similar Frequents Rice fields, ditches, and the species of grass. sides of ponds in the lower parts of Georgia. Is not common. NOTES: duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 67 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]), representing the “original description” of this species. Rather than Panicum,Abbot possibly found his larvae on Zizania aquaticaL. (Poaceae) or Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michx.) Döll & Asch. (Poaceae) (Calhoun 2007). 23 Euphyes arpa(Boisduval & Le Conte) Rhynchospora latifolia(Baldwin) W.W. 23. Georgia Skipper Butterfly. Feeds on Thomas (Cyperaceae) [NC] the Grass figured, and other grasses, Dm, Df, La, Pa spun up 25thMarch, bred 12thApril. Frequents the sides of ponds in the pine woods, is rare. NOTES: most of a duplicate drawing by Abbot was reproduced for Plate 68 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]), representing the “original description” of this species. This skipper normally feeds on Serenoa repens (Bartram)Small (Palmae), but Minno (1994) reared it on a species of Cyperaceae, suggesting that Abbot could have successfully reared it on this sedge (Calhoun 2004). The larva is conceptually accurate. 24 Thorybes bathyllus (J. E. Smith) Desmodium sp., possibly D. paniculatum 24. Brown Skipper. Feeds on the Beggers (L.)DC. (Fabaceae) [C] lice (figured) spun up in the leaves 18th Dm, Df, Vf, La, Pa Octrbred 20thApril, is not very common “Begger’s lice” refers to the figured Desmodium. NOTES: a duplicate of this drawing was reproduced in ATLET (1983). It was also figured by Reynolds (1983) and Rogers-Price (1983). Portions of another duplicate drawing by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 74 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). Although I have tentatively identified the figures in this composition as T. bathyllus(also see Calhoun 2007), some characters are reminiscent of Thorybes confusisBell, making it difficult to determine the species with certainty. The plant was identified in ATLET (1983) as Desmodium fernaldii B.G.Schub. (Fabaceae). 132132 JOURNALOFTHELEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY TABLE1. Continued Drawing Figured adults Plant species and Manuscript entry by J. Abbot No. and early stages host status 25 Pyrgus communis (Grote) Sida acutaBurm. f. (Malvaceae) [C] 25. Black and white Skipper. Feeds on the plant figured, spun up in the leaves 25thJune, bred 7thJuly. Is to be met with Dm, Df, Vf, La, Pa in the Oak woods and fields, is not common. NOTES: a duplicate drawing by Abbot was figured by Calhoun (2007). The skippers portrayed in this drawing are almost certainly P. communis, as there is no evidence that the similar Pyrgus albescensPlötz occurred in Georgia during Abbot’s lifetime (Calhoun 2007). 26 Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius) Justicia ovata (Walter)Lindau 26. Least yellow Skipper. Feeds on the (Acanthaceae) [E] plant figured, changed 12thSepr bred 22d. Is frequent in Rice fields, and Dm, Df, Vm, La, Pa meadowy parts of branches. NOTES: this species is a grass-feeder. Justiciagrows in the wet habitats where this skipper occurs, thus Abbot may have confused the host. However, an earlier composition of A. numitor by Abbot includes another erroneous host, Asclepias verticillataL. (Apocynaceae), which occurs in dry soils. Abbot ambiguously referred to both plants as “the plant figured,” suggesting that he did not recall the proper host or inserted these more colorful plants to enhance his compositions. 27 Erynnis martialis (Scudder) Indigofera caroliniana Mill. (Fabaceae) [E] 27. Least dingy Skipper. Feeds on the Wild Indigo, and Red root, or red shank, In this case, “Wild Indigo” apparently Spun up in the leaves 25thJune, bred 8th Dm, Df, Vf, La, Pa refers toIndigofera, not a species of July, Frequents the Oak woods, is much Baptisia (Fabaceae). “Red root, or red less frequent than the other Dingy shank” refers to Ceanothus americanus Skippers. L. (Rhamnaceae), a confirmed hostplant NOTES: this species is known to feed only on Ceonothus americanus L. (Rhamnaceae) in eastern North America. In fact, Abbot illustrated this skipper with C. americanusfor an earlier composition, calling the plant “Red shank or red Root” (see text). Abbot’s mistaken recollection of an alternate host may have resulted in the inclusion of I. caroliniana. He called all species of the genus Erynnis“Dingy Skippers,” after the European Erynnis tages(L.), which has long been called the dingy skipper in Britain. 28 Pholisora catullus (Fabricius) Monarda punctata L. (Lamiaceae) [E] 28. Black Skipper Catullus. Feeds on the plant figured called here Rignum and Dm, Df, Vf, La, Pa “Rignum” is an old name for M. horse mint, common and red careless, punctata. “Horse mint” is also a name forand lambs quarter. Spun up 18thJune. this plant. “Careless”(Amaranthus sp.) bred 26thanother that spun up 29thJuly, (Amaranthaceae) and “lambs quarter” was bred the 5thAugust, The Butterfly is (Chenopodium sp.) (Amaranthaceae) are frequent in Corn fields and plantations in confirmed hostplants. Burke County. NOTES: another drawing of this species by Abbot, which included duplicate figures of larva and pupa, was reproduced for Plate 24 of Smith & Abbot (1797) (Calhoun 2006a). Abbot’s notes for that earlier drawing include some of the same life history data as for this illustration. Abbot created at least three compositions of this species and all depict Monarda, probably because it is more visually appealing than the true hosts. 29 Amblyscirtes alternata (Grote & Sorghastrum secundum (Elliott)Nash 29. Little brown Skipper. Feeds on the Rrobinson) (Poaceae) [NC] wild Oats, spun up in the leaves 31st May, bred 14thJune. The Caterpillar is Dm, Df, La, Pa “Wild Oats” apparently refers to the very rare. The Butterfly frequents the depicted grass. Hostplants of this rare pine woods, but is not common. skipper are poorly known. NOTES: Abbot portrayed fresh specimens of A. alternata, which can be boldly marked as in this drawing, especially ventrally. Duplicate figures were misidentified by Scudder (1872, 1888–1889) and Beirne (1950) as Amblyscirtes hegon(Scudder) (see text). VOLUME61, NUMBER3 133 TABLE1. Continued Drawing Figured adults Plant species and Manuscript entry by J. Abbot No. and early stages host status 30 Feniseca tarquinius (Fabricius) Vaccinium arboreumMarshall 30. Little orange Butterfly. Feeds on the (Ericaceae) [E] winter Huckleberry, but is most frequent on Alder, it is partly covered with a white Dm, Df, Lu, Pa “Winter Huckleberry” apparently refers loose down, changed the 14thof April, to the depicted plant. “Alder” bred the 25th. The Butterfly frequents undoubtedly refers to Alnus serrulata Swamps, but is rare. (Aiton)Willd. (Betulaceae), which is also an erroneous hostplant. NOTES: duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 37 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). This butterfly feeds only on species of aphids (see text). The depicted larva is a slightly altered version of Abbot’s larva of Callophrys niphon(Hübner), which is very unlike the spiny and more mottled larva of F. tarquinius(see text). 31 Atlides halesus (Cramer) Quercus phellos L. (Fagaceae) [E] 31. Great Purple hair Streak Butterfly. Feeds on the Willow Oak, Quercus “Willow Oak” is a common name forQ. phillos, changed the 20thbred 6thSepris Dm, Df, Vm, Lu, Pa phellos,which Abbot misspelled as not common. “phillos.” NOTES: see Fig. 4. Duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 25 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). This species feeds on mistletoes (Phoradendronsp.) (Viscaceae), which are common hemi-parasites of oaks. The depicted larva is a duplicate of the larva that he figured in drawings of Satyrium favonius(J. E. Smith) (see text). It is inconsistent with the “swollen” larva of A. halesus. 32 Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval & Le Astragalus michauxii (Kuntze)F. J. 32. Small purple hair Streak Butterfly. Conte) Herm. (Fabaceae) [E?] Feeds on the Astragalus, and Oaks, changed 20thAugtbred 5thSeprmay be “Oaks”(Quercus sp.) (Fagaceae) are met with in different parts of the County. Dm, Df, Vm, La, Pa confirmed hostplants. but is rare in all. NOTES: duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 27 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). The figured plant may be an erroneous host for this oak-feeder, which has also been dubiously reported to feed on other legumes. Scudder (1888–1889) identified the plant in a duplicate drawing as Astragalus canadensis L. (Fabaceae). 33 Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius) Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae) 33. Least purple hair Streak Butterfly. [NC] Feeds on the large black Huckleberry, Dm, Df, Vm, Lu, Pa changed 30thApril, bred 20thMay is “Large black Huckleberry” apparently frequent in most parts of the Country. refers to the depicted plant, but the same plant is portrayed in drawing 36 under a different name. NOTES: a duplicate drawing was reproduced in ATLET (1983). The plant in a duplicate drawing was identified in ATLET (1983) as Gaylussacia frondosa(L.) Torrey & A. Gray ex Torrey) (Ericaceae). The larva of this species is not green as illustrated, but brown or pinkish-brown. 34 Strymon melinus (Hübner) Hypericum myrtifolium Lam. 34. Red spotted hair streak Butterfly. (Clusiaceae) [C] Feeds on the flower figured, Pines, snap Dm, Df, Vm, La, Pa beans &c. changed 30thApril bred 14th “Pines”(Pinus sp.) (Pinaceae) and “snap May. is not very common. beans” (prob.Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Fabaceae) are confirmed hostplants. NOTES: duplicate figures by Abbot were reproduced for Plate 28 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). These authors identified the plant in their duplicate drawing as a Hypericum, hence the name they proposed for this butterfly, Thecla hyperici. 134134 JOURNALOFTHELEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY TABLE1. Continued Drawing Figured adults Plant species and Manuscript entry by J. Abbot No. and early stages host status 35 Satyrium liparops (Le Conte) Crataegus sp., possiblyC. viridisL. 35. Ogechee brown hair steak Butterfly. (Rosaceae) [C] Feeds on the Parsley Haw, changed 18th April, bred 5thMay, This species Dm, Df, La, Pa “Parsley Haw” refers to Crataegus. frequents the Oak woods on the sides of Ogechee river swamp, but is very rare. NOTES: unlike his other butterfly compositions, the ventral surface of the adult is not portrayed. Another drawing by Abbot was reproduced on Plate 31 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]) to accompany the original description of this species, which remained poorly understood for over a century (See Calhoun 2004, 2005). “Ogechee” is a misspelled reference to the occurrence of this species in the vicinity of the Ogeechee River of eastern Georgia. 36 Callophrys henrici (Grote & Robinson) Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae) [C] 36. Swamp brown hair streak Butterfly. Feeds on the Swamp Huckleberry, “Swamp Huckleberry” probably refers to changed 20thApril, bred 6thMay. Dm, Df, Vm, La, Pa the figured Vaccinium, but the same frequents the blossoms of the Judas tree, plant is portrayed in drawing 33 under a and wild plums, on the sides of swamps, different name. “Judas tree” refers to is far from common. redbud(Cercis canadensis L.) (Fabaceae). The adults that Abbot saw frequenting the blossoms of redbud may have included ovipositing females, as this tree is also a confirmed hostplant. “Wild plum”(Prunus sp.)(Rosaceae) is also a confirmed hostplant. NOTES: duplicate figures by Abbot of the larva and pupa were reproduced for Plate 31 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837]). Pupae of this species typically overwinter, but Abbot’s notes suggest that his larva developed into an adult during the same season. 37 Callophrys irus (Godart) Cyrilla racemiflora L. (Cyrillaceae) (E) 37. Little brown hair streak Butterfly. Feeds on the plant figured &c. changed 22dJune, bred 20thMarch is very rare. Dm, Df, Vf, Lu, Pa NOTES: most of a duplicate drawing by Abbot was reproduced for Plate 32 of Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837[) to accompany the original description of Thecla arsaceBoisduval & Le Conte, now considered a subspecies of C. irus. Scott (1986) incorrectly attributed the hostplant association in this composition to C. henrici. Gatrelle (1999) claimed that Scudder (1888–1889) unsuccessfully attempted to rear C. henricior C. iruson C. racemifloraas figured, but Scudder actually referred to Leucothoe racemosa(L.)A. Gray (Ericaecea). Nonetheless, it is probable that neither of these butterflies would accept C. racemiflora, particularly C. irus. The illustrated phenotype of this butterfly feeds primarily on species of Baptisia (Fabaceae). Although Gatrelle (1999) considered the duplicate figure of the larva in Boisduval & Le Conte (1829–[1837[) to be C. irus, its shape and coloration are more consistent with C. henrici.