PALGRAVE STUDIES IN SPORT AND POLITICS Series Editor: Martin Polley WORLD AND AN AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY Anglo-Australian Cricket, 1860-1901 Jared van Duinen Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics Series Editor Martin Polley International Centre for Sports History De Montfort University Hampshire, UK Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics aims to nurture new research, both historical and contemporary, to the complex inter-relationships between sport and politics. The books in this series will range in their focus from the local to the global, and will embody a broad approach to politics, encompassing the ways in which sport has interacted with the state, dissi- dence, ideology, war, human rights, diplomacy, security, policy, identities, the law, and many other forms of politics. It includes approaches from a range of disciplines, and promotes work by new and established scholars from around the world. Advisory Board: Dr. Daphné Bolz, University of Normandy—Rouen, France Dr. Susan Grant, Liverpool John Moores University, UK Dr. Keiko Ikeda, Hokkaido University, Japan Dr. Barbara Keys, University of Melbourne, Australia Dr. Iain Lindsey, Durham University, UK Dr. Ramon Spaaij, Victoria University, Australia and University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15061 Jared van Duinen The British World and an Australian National Identity Anglo-Australian Cricket, 1860–1901 Jared van Duinen Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga, Australia ISSN 2365-998X ISSN 2365-9998 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics ISBN 978-1-137-52777-6 ISBN 978-1-137-52778-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-52778-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017944705 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 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The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom C ontents 1 Introduction 1 2 Metropole-to-Colony Cultural Traffic and the Development of Australian Cricket, 1860–1877 15 3 Bi-directional Cultural Traffic and the Evolution of an Australian Cricketing Identity 25 4 Interlude: The British World Personified: Fred ‘the Demon’ Spofforth and Billy Midwinter 43 5 Lord Sheffield’s 1891–1892 Tour and the Revitalisation of Australian Cricket 49 6 Conclusions 65 Bibliography 73 Index 81 v A bbreviAtions ACC Australasian Cricket Council MCC Marylebone Cricket Club MCG Melbourne Cricket Ground NSWCA New South Wales Cricket Association SCG Sydney Cricket Ground VCA Victorian Cricket Association vii CHAPTER 1 Introduction Abstract This chapter introduces the subject matter and scope of the study. It outlines a brief historiography of the ongoing debate surround- ing the evolution and nature of Australian nationalism and shows how Australian cricket historiography has also largely replicated these broader historiographical contours. The chapter also introduces the key theoreti- cal constructs that inform the study: first, the British World framework, and second, the concept of cultural traffic. The introduction poses the central question of the study: what can Anglo-Australian cricketing rela- tions in the later nineteenth century tell us about the composition of an Australian national identity that was a mediation of a more expansive British World loyalty and local Australian particularity? Keywords British world · Cultural traffic · Australian nationalism Australian national identity · Australian historiography · Australian cricket The chief aim of this study is to explore the dynamics of Anglo-Australian cricketing relations within the ‘British World’ in the period from 1860 to 1901. In doing so, it will examine what this might tell us about broader Anglo-Australian relations during this period and, in particu- lar, the evolution of an Australian national identity. This nexus between sport and national identity has been evoked by Graeme Davison through the metaphor of the ‘imaginary grandstand’. ‘Nations’, according to Davison, ‘continually perform their identity for an imaginary grandstand © The Author(s) 2018 1 J. van Duinen, The British World and an Australian National Identity, Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-52778-3_1 2 J. VAN DUINEN of international spectators’. Significantly for this study, Davison goes on to contend that sport was the means through which colonial Australia first rehearsed its identity.1 In other words, the medium of sport was used to rehearse an identity that would then emerge in broader cultural and political terms. Cricket is an apposite sport for interrogating this rehearsal since it more than any other sport is deeply imbued with imperial-colo- nial relations. Furthermore, for much of our period, it could also lay claim to being Australia’s national sport. As R.E.N. Twopeny recounted in 1883, ‘Cricket must, I suppose, take the first place amongst Australian sports, because all ages and all classes are interested in it; and not to be interested in it amounts almost to a social crime’.2 This study will also comment on ways in which Australian cricket might have rehearsed aspects of that particular enactment of political union—Federation. CriCket And AustrAliAn History The role and function of cricket, in particular, in the formation and evolution of an Australian national identity has been the topic of some debate. This debate has often mirrored broader historiographical shifts in Australian history. In Australian historiography the 1960 and 1970s saw the emergence of a ‘radical nationalist’ perspective that sought to chart the evolution of an endemic Australian nationalism from the mid- nineteenth century onwards. To this end, these radical nationalist histo- rians attempted to identify a number of figures in Australian politics or the arts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who could be presented as champions of an embryonic yet self-conscious nation- alism.3 However, all too often it was found that these proto-nationalist voices were drowned out by various manifestations of Britishness in early Australian society: determinedly close ties of trade, migration, defence and culture, as well as a pervasive pan-Britannic ethos that was avowed by many Australians of the time. The ensuing narrative for these radical nationalist historians was often therefore one of a perennially thwarted nationalism; Britishness and Australianness were framed as mutually exclusive, or even conflictive, with the British identity often trumping any distinctively endemic Australian identity. Historians since the 1970s have been increasingly amenable to this centrality of Britishness in Australian society and culture in the period up to, at least, World War Two.4 Rather than thwarted, Australian nationalism in the Federation decades constituted a kind of localised 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Britishness, an identity that was an Australian adaptation of being British. As Schreuder and Ward have elaborated in Australia’s Empire, ‘[A]t the heart of the evolving Australian sense of nationality was a hybrid ideol- ogy, one that drew from both a tenacious race identity of Britishness, together with an increasingly assertive sense of material self-interest, and an environmental sense of place’.5 We can find such a hybrid identity being articulated by a number of contemporaries. For example, in 1884, Henry Parkes suggested that the Australian colonies should be renamed the ‘British States of Australia’, for ‘[i]n this designation the British feel- ing and the Australian feeling would habitually and perpetually blend … [and] the sentiments of British pride and Australian patriotism would commingle in one glow of loyalty’.6 Although there is still some debate about when we should start to date the emergence of an endemic, non- British Australian nationalism—World War Two, the ‘new nationalism’ of the 1960 and 1970s, or as late as 1986—there seems little disagree- ment now about the inherence of Britishness in Australian society and culture in the Federation period.7 Thus, these British Australia historians agreed with the radical nationalists about the pervasiveness of Britishness in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; they disagreed about the conflictive relationship between, to quote Parkes, ‘British feeling and Australian patriotism’. Indeed, we can see the historiographical contours delineated above in discussions around Federation. For the radical nationalists, Federation represented the political actualisation of a nationalism that was fore- shadowed in the literary and cultural output of the 1890s.8 It stood as a crucial milestone in the evolution of Australian nationalism, linking the nascent nationalist feeling evident in pre-1901 events like the Eureka Stockade and colonial self-government with the more ebullient post- 1901 nationalism represented by ANZAC and Billy Hughes’s efforts towards an Australian presence, distinguished from Britain, on the world stage. This search for a Federation nationalism found some handy quotes from Australia’s first prime minister, Edmund Barton, who proclaimed in the campaigns for Federation: ‘For the first time in history, we have a nation for a continent, and a continent for a nation’.9 In contrast, those from the British Australia school of revisionism viewed Federation very differently. Although the significance of the con- stitutional act itself holds a diminished position in a British Australia nar- rative, it nevertheless forms an important chapter in the development of a ‘British race patriotism’ (the British Australia school’s substitute for an