The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boy Travellers in the Far East Part Third, by Thomas W. Knox This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Boy Travellers in the Far East Part Third Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey to Ceylon and India Author: Thomas W. Knox Release Date: January 4, 2019 [EBook #58608] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY TRAVELLERS IN THE FAR EAST *** Produced by Annie R. McGuire THE BOY TRAVELLERS IN THE FAR EAST PART THIRD ADVENTURES OF TWO YOUTHS IN A JOURNEY TO CEYLON AND INDIA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF BORNEO, THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND BURMAH BY THOMAS W. KNOX AUTHOR OF "THE YOUNG NIMRODS" "CAMP-FIRE AND COTTON-FIELD" "OVERLAND THROUGH ASIA" "UNDERGROUND" "JOHN" "HOW TO TRAVEL" ETC. Illustrated NEW YORK HARPER & BROTHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE 1882 to Act of Congress, in the year 1881, by HARPER & BROTHERS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. All rights reserved. PREFACE This volume completes the series of "The Boy Travellers in the Far East." It attempts to describe Ceylon and India, together with Borneo, the Philippine Islands, and Burmah, in the same manner that the preceding volumes gave an account of Japan, China, Siam, Java, Cochin-China, Cambodia, and the Malay Archipelago. Frank and Fred have continued their journey under the guidance of Doctor Bronson, and the plan of their travels is identical with that previously followed. The words of the last preface may be repeated in this: "The incidents of the narrative were mainly the experiences of the author at a recent date; and the descriptions of countries, cities, temples, people, manners, and customs are nearly all from his personal observations and notes. He has endeavored to give a faithful account of Ceylon, India, Burmah, and the Philippine Islands as they appear to-day, and trusts that the only fiction of the book is in the names of the individuals who tell the story." As in the foregoing volumes, the narrative has been interrupted occasionally, in order to introduce matters of general interest to juvenile readers. The author hopes that the chapters on meteors, sea-serpents, and outrigger boats will meet the same welcome that was accorded to the episode of a whaling voyage, in the first volume, and the digressions concerning naval architecture, submarine explorations, and the adventures of Marco Polo, in the second. The publishers have kindly allowed the use of illustrations that have appeared in previous publications, in addition to those specially prepared for this volume. The author has consulted the works of previous travellers in the Far East to supplement his own information, and is under obligations to several of them. As in the last volume, he is specially indebted to Mr. Frank Vincent, Jr., author of "The Land of the White Elephant," for his descriptions of Burmah, and for the use of several of the engravings relative to that country. Other authorities have been generally credited in the text of the work, or in foot-notes to the pages where quotations are made. In their departure from Bombay, Frank and Fred have left the Far East behind them; but, as they are yet a long way from home, they can hardly be said to have finished their travels. It is quite possible that they may be heard from again, in the company of their good friend, the Doctor, and may allow us, as they have heretofore, to glance at their letters to friends at home. T. W. K. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Departure from Java.—Voyage to Borneo. CHAPTER II. An Excursion in Borneo.—Story of Rajah Brooke. CHAPTER III. Arrival at Manilla.—First Day on Shore. CHAPTER IV. An Evening Promenade.—Village Life near Manilla. CHAPTER V. An Excursion to the Interior.—Buffaloes and Agriculture. CHAPTER VI. Hunting in Luzon.—Crocodiles and Great Snakes. CHAPTER VII. Hunting the Deer and Wild Boar.—Results of the Chase. CHAPTER VIII. Shooting Bats and Iguanas.—Visiting the Hot Springs. CHAPTER IX. An Excursion among the Mountains.—Return to Manilla.—An Earthquake. CHAPTER X. From Manilla to Singapore, and up the Straits of Malacca.—A Day at Pulo Penang. CHAPTER XI. Shooting-Stars and their Character.—A Remarkable Voyage. CHAPTER XII. First Day in Burmah.—The Golden Pagoda. CHAPTER XIII. A Voyage up the Irrawaddy.—Scenes on the Great River. CHAPTER XIV. Up the Irrawaddy.—Mandalay.—Audience with the King of Burmah. CHAPTER XV. Leaving Burmah.—Capturing a Sea-Snake.—Stories of the Sea-Serpent. CHAPTER XVI. Arrival in Ceylon.—Cingalese Boats.—Precious Stones of the East. CHAPTER XVII. Sights in Point de Galle.—Overland to Colombo. CHAPTER XVIII. Sights in Colombo.—Railway Journey to Kandy. CHAPTER XIX. Around Kandy.—Botanical Gardens and Coffee Plantations.—Adventures with Snakes. CHAPTER XX. Travelling in Ceylon.—Encounter with a Buffalo.—From Kandy to Newera-Ellia. CHAPTER XXI. Scenery at Newera-Ellia.—Ascent of Adam's Peak. CHAPTER XXII. From Ceylon to India.—A Marine Entertainment.—The Story of Robinson Crusoe. CHAPTER XXIII. Sights in Pondicherry.—The French East Indies.—Voyage to Madras. CHAPTER XXIV. Sights and Scenes in Madras.—The Indian Famine. CHAPTER XXV. From Madras to Calcutta.—The Temple and Car of Juggernaut. CHAPTER XXVI. Sights and Scenes in Calcutta. CHAPTER XXVII. Calcutta, Continued.—Departure for Benares. CHAPTER XXVIII. Northward by Rail.—Opium Culture.—Arrival at Benares. CHAPTER XXIX. Sights in Benares.—The Monkey Temple.—Sarnath.—Buddhism. CHAPTER XXX. Benares to Lucknow.—Sights in the Capital of Oude.—The Relief of Lucknow. CHAPTER XXXI. Lucknow to Cawnpore and Agra.—Taj Mahal and Futtehpoor Sikra. CHAPTER XXXII. In and Around Delhi.—Departure for Simla and the Himalayas. CHAPTER XXXIII. From Umballah to Simla.—Excursion among the Himalayas. CHAPTER XXXIV. Hunting-Scenes in India.—Pursuit of the Tiger on Foot and with Elephants. CHAPTER XXXV. From Simla to Allahabad and Bombay.—A Great Hindoo Festival.—Castes. CHAPTER XXXVI. A Short History of India.—The Sepoy Mutiny.—Present Condition of the Army in India. CHAPTER XXXVII.Bombay.—The Towers of Silence.—Caves of Elephanta.—Farewell to India. ILLUSTRATIONS. An Indian Scene. Map. Outward Bound. Chinese Horse-shoeing. The British Isles and Borneo Compared. Ascending the River. A Fruit-store in Sarawak. A Dyak Youth. Scene on the River. Leaf Butterfly in Flight and Repose. A Floating Island. Bridge of Bamboo in Borneo. Remarkable Beetles in Borneo. American Missionary Station in Borneo. Sunset in the China Sea. Map of the Philippine Islands. Scene on Manilla Bay. Coast Scene in the Philippine Islands. Barge and House on the Pasig. Old Bridge at Manilla. A Manilla Dandy. A Native Girl in Manilla. Native Amusements. Spanish Galleons on their Way over the Pacific. Mouth of the Bay of Manilla. View of Manilla from the Binondo Suburb. A Creole in European Dress. Spanish Metis. Chinese Metis. Spanish Metis of the Wealthy Class. Palm-tree in the Botanical Garden. Life in the Water. Horns of the Buffalo. Native House in the Suburbs of Manilla. A Group of Natives of Manilla. View on the River Pasig. Scene on the Shore. A Bamboo Fishing-raft. A Stampede of Buffaloes. Shooting a Buffalo. A Native Plough in Luzon. A Buffalo Yoke. Native Wooden Plough and Yoke for Oxen. The Comb Harrow. Tagal Indians Cleaning Rice. Cascade near Jala-Jala. The House at Jala-Jala. Stacking Rice in the Philippine Islands. The Philippine Locust. A Native Woman Seized by a Crocodile. A Huge Captive. A Wild Boar Attacked by a Boa-constrictor. Fight with a Great Snake. A Stag-hunt in Luzon with Horses and Dogs. A Howling Monkey. Deer in a Tropical Forest. Pond Scene in Luzon. A Pavava. Skull of Babirusa. Frank's Prize—a Butterfly. Fred's Prize—the Mud-laff. Indians Hunting Turtles' Eggs. How a Bat Sleeps. The Iguana. Paul P. de la Gironiere. The Girl with the Long Hair. A Primitive Loom in the Philippine Islands. The Banana. An Alcalde and his Constable. An Avenue of Palm-trees. A Village Clock. A Volcano in Repose. Indians of the Interior. Travelling through the Forest in Luzon. Street Scene during an Earthquake. Destruction of Messina in 1783. Italian Peasants Ingulfed by Crevasses. A Submarine Eruption. United States War-steamer "Wateree," Stranded at Arica in 1868. On the Way to Singapore. Bay on the Coast of Sumatra. Coast Scene in the Straits of Malacca. Palm-trees in Pulo Penang. A Suburban Cottage. A Penang Butterfly. Humming-birds. A Travelling Blacksmith. First View of the Meteor. Explosion of the Meteor. The Santa Rosa Aerolite. Melbourne Aerolite. Structure of the Texas Aerolite. River-boats in Burmah. Out on the Waters. A Wreck at Sea. A Flying-fish. Landing on the Beach. Creek Leading from the Rangoon River. Great Shoay Dagon, or Golden Pagoda. Statue of Buddha in the Golden Pagoda. A Burmese Woman. A Burmese Judge and his Attendants. Burmese River Scene. Native Fort Captured by British Troops. Native Boat on the Irrawaddy. Native House near the River. Malay "Sampan," or River-boat. A Burmese Temple. A Composite Crew. An Eastern Water-fall. Monastery at Prome. Mrs. Judson Visiting her Husband in Prison. Mrs. Judson Teaching a Class of Native Converts. Barracks on the Frontier. View of Mandalay, Capital of the Kingdom of Ava, or Burmah. Boat Drawn by a Bullock. The Royal Palace at Mandalay. Copy of an Old Burmese Painting. Mountain Gorge on the Upper Part of the River. Coast of the Andaman Islands. Sea-snake of the Indian Ocean and Fox-shark. Restored Fossil Reptiles of New Jersey. Cuttle-fish Attacking a Chinese Junk. Captain Lawrence de Ferry's Sea-serpent. Head of Captain M'Quhae's Serpent. Captain M'Quhae's Sea-serpent. Outrigger Boat from Ladrone Islands. Double Canoe, Friendly Islands. Double Canoe, Society Islands. Feejee Island Canoe. American Modification of a Savage Boat. Scene on the Coast of Ceylon. Ruins of a Portuguese Church. A Young Native at Breakfast. View of the Coast near Galle Harbor. A Street in Point de Galle. An Army of Ants on the Move. Entrance to the Cinnamon Gardens. Donkey and Pack-saddle. Gathering Cocoa-nuts. A Young Cocoa-palm. Nests of the Toddy-bird. Residence of a Wealthy Foreigner. Scene on the Coast near Colombo. A Business Street in the "Black Town". Moorish Merchants of Ceylon. A Suburban Scene. A Group of Tamil Coolies. Cingalese Men. Cingalese Women. A Cheap Comb. Cashew-nut. A Coolie at Prayers. The Wild Forest. Young Palms in the Botanic Garden. India-rubber-tree. Residence of a Coffee-planter. View on a Coffee Estate. Plantation Laborers. Shed on a Coffee Plantation. Pleasures of a Morning Walk. Fight between a Hawk and a Snake. Fight between a Black Snake and a Rattle-snake. The Lotos Flower. The Last of the Giants. Tank Scene in Ceylon. Elephants at Home. Tying up an Elephant. Elephants under a Banyan-tree. A Native Treed by a Buffalo Cow and Calf. A Dangerous Predicament. Native House and Children. A Tropical Fern. Waiting for the Races. Scorpion. Centipede. A View in the Foot-hills. Natives of the Forest. Temple on Adam's Peak. Tropical Growth near Ratnapoora. A Morning Caller. Evening Visitors. Temple and Trees at Tuticorin. A Fashionable "Hackery". Eastern Mode of Feeding Oxen. Part of a Hindoo Pagoda. Robinson Crusoe. The Shipwreck. Landing of Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe's Equipment. Crusoe and his Gun. Crusoe and his Pets. Crusoe's Castle. Arrival of Friday. Portrait of the Hero. A Sail! a Sail! Going Ashore. Natives in the Surf. Scene near Pondicherry. House in the European Quarter. An Indian Woman. An Indian Man. A Serpent-charmer. Masullah-boats in the Surf at Madras. A Catamaran. Hindoo Native of Madras. Western Entrance of Fort George. Governor's Residence, Fort George. Hump-backed Cow. Madras Dhobies, or Washermen. A Madras Bungalow. A Pankhâ-wallah. Native Merchant of Madras. A Madras Palkee. Inhabitants of Pooree. Plan of the Temple of Juggernaut. Jaganath and his Brother and Sister. A Hindoo Devotee. The Car of Juggernaut. A Tropical Morning at Sea. Bayou in Saugur Island. Diamond Harbor. Scene on the Hoogly. River Scene below Calcutta. Bumboat on the Hoogly. Landing-place at Calcutta. Street Scene in Calcutta. A Native Nurse. The Maidan, or Esplanade, of Calcutta. A Collision. An Unpleasant Occurrence. Harbor of Calcutta. The Burning Ghaut at Calcutta. Parasitical Vines on a Tree. The Cotton-tree. Bengalee Water-carriers. Native Woman of Bengal. Part of Black Town, Calcutta. Railway Travelling in India. Coolies Going to the Poppy-fields. Shop of an Opium Merchant. Coolies Cooking. Scene on the River. Boatmen Ashore. Cooking Breakfast. A Window in Benares. Part of the Water Front of Benares. Temple at Manikarnika. Mosque of Aurengzebe the Great. A Street near the Great Mosque. An Elephant Ride. Buddhist Tower at Sarnath. Carving on the Tower at Sarnath. Water-bearing Ox at Benares. A Jeweller of Benares. A Pious Pilgrim. Religious Beggars at Benares. The Imambara at Lucknow. The Martiniere. Dyers at Lucknow. The Residency at Lucknow. Merchants of Lucknow. An Old Sikh. Low-caste Inhabitants of Cawnpore. The Memorial Well at Cawnpore. View of the Taj Mahal from the Garden. Gate-way of Garden, Taj Mahal. Front View of the Taj Mahal. The Princess of Shah Jehan. Gate-way of Secundra Garden. Tomb of the Emperor Akbar at Agra. Entrance to the Great Mosque of Durgah. The Panch Mahal. Scene on the Chandni Chowk, Delhi. Merchants of Delhi. The Dewan-i-khas, Delhi. Jamma Musjid, or Great Mosque. The Kuttub Minar. The Iron Pillar. Trees in the Court-yard of the Mosque. The Dawk Garry. Horseback-ride in the Himalayas. A Bareilly Dandy. A Ton-Jon. View of the Himalayas. Gathering Tea-leaves in India. A Model Cook. Climbing-plant in the Himalayas. Door of a Temple, and Praying-machines. Saddle-oxen in the Himalayas. A Thibetan Dog. Tiger-hunting from Mychan, or Shooting-box. An Awkward Predicament. Procession of Tiger-hunters on Foot. A Grapple with a Tiger. A Narrow Escape. A Wild Boar Attacking a Panther. Hindoo Fakirs Cutting themselves with Knives. A Pilgrim Carrying Religious Relics. Moslem School at Allahabad. Hindoo Robbers in Prison. Thugs Awaiting Trial at Allahabad. Vestibule of the Great Temple at Ellora. Interior of Temple Hewn from the Rock. Mural Sculptures at Ellora. Railway Viaduct in the Mountains. Hindoo Girl of High Caste. A Native Prince of India, with his Sons. Reception of Travellers. Trial of a Mutineer. English Officers in India. Bombay and its Environs. A Parsee Merchant. Parsee School Children. A Parsee Tower of Silence, near Teheran. A Bunder-boat. The Caves of Elephanta. Cotton Market at Bombay. Serpents Dancing to Music. Farewell to India. Map Map to accompany "The Boy Travellers in the Far East" CHAPTER I. DEPARTURE FROM JAVA.—VOYAGE TO BORNEO. The conference over the route to be followed from Batavia was long and animated. Frank and Fred each proposed at least a dozen plans, but as fast as a scheme was suggested it was overthrown in consequence of unforeseen difficulties. While they were in the midst of their discussion, Doctor Bronson left the room, and soon returned with a newspaper in his hand. The boys looked up, and by the smile on his face they at once understood that he held the solution of the puzzle. So they pushed aside the maps, and waited for him to speak. "We start to-morrow morning," said the Doctor, "and must send our heavy baggage away in an hour." "All right," responded the boys, cheerily; "we can be ready in half that time if necessary," Fred added, as he rose from the table, and was followed by Frank. True to their promise, they were back again in less than half an hour, and declared that all was ready. The Doctor had been occupied with his trunks while the boys were preparing their effects, and as he had more to attend to than they, he was not quite as prompt. But before the end of the hour he joined them, and then the porter of the hotel was summoned to take away the baggage and see it safely on board the steamer. "Now we shall know where we're going," said Frank,"and I suppose the Doctor's newspaper has something to do with our movements." "Quite correct," the Doctor responded; "it has very much to do with them." Then he opened the sheet, which was nothing more nor less than a paper printed at Batavia, in the Dutch language. He directed their attention to an advertisement, and they were not long in spelling it out and divining its meaning. It was to the effect that a steamer was to sail early the next day for Borneo and the Philippine Islands. The Doctor explained that he was fortunate enough to find the captain of this vessel in the office of the hotel, and had arranged for them to take passage on her to Sarawak and Manilla. "I understand," said Frank, "Sarawak is in Borneo, and Manilla is the capital of the Philippine Islands. We shall visit both those places." "Yes," replied Doctor Bronson, "the steamer goes first to Sarawak, where she has a lot of cargo to leave, and perhaps some to take, and then she proceeds to Manilla. If you study the map you will see that Sarawak is almost on a direct line from Batavia to Manilla." They looked at the map, and found it as the Doctor had stated. Fred wished to learn something about Borneo, but the Doctor suggested they would have plenty of time for that on the voyage, and they had better devote the evening to a farewell drive through Batavia. The boys at once assented to the proposal, and as soon as a carriage could be called they were off. [Pg 15] CHINESE HORSE SHOEING. Their drive led them along the broad avenues of Batavia, and close to the banks of one of the canals where a number of boys were enjoying an afternoon bath. Then they passed through a part of the Chinese quarter where Frank and Fred were greatly amused at the operation of shoeing a horse. The unhappy beast was tied between a couple of upright posts, and partially suspended from a horizontal beam, so that he had very little chance to kick or struggle. Evidently he had given up all idea of resistance, as he stood with his eyes half closed, and presented a general appearance of resignation. Our friends returned to the hotel in good season for dinner, which contained the inevitable curry to which the boys had become accustomed during their sojourn in the tropics. Frank asked if they would bid good-bye to curry in leaving Java; he was assured that the article was destined to figure on their bill of fare for an indefinite period, as the countries they were to visit were inhabited by eaters of curry no less than were Siam and Java. They went early to bed, and by daylight on the following morning were up and ready for departure. OUTWARD BOUND. They rode in a carriage to the "boom," or pier, where a small boat was waiting to take them to the steamer. They went out by the same canal that they entered on their arrival, and by seven o'clock they were on board the Osprey, that was to be their home for several days. The captain was there ahead of them, and before eight o'clock they were outward bound, and leaving behind them the Island of Java, with its dense population and its wealth of natural products. They watched the receding coast as long as it was in sight. Gradually it faded to a mere line on the horizon, and then disappeared altogether; but hardly had it vanished before they were in sight of Sumatra. All day they were within a few miles of its shores, and the boys longed greatly to make an exploration of this little-known region. They were obliged to be content with what they had learned of Sumatra on their journey to the southward, and recalled with pleasure the stories told them by their fellow-passenger on the steamer between Singapore and Batavia. The adventures of our young friends, Frank Bassett and Fred Bronson, up to the time of their departure from Java, have been told in previous volumes.[1] At the end of the first day the Osprey bore away to the eastward, near the island of Banca, famous for its mines of tin; and on the following morning the coast of Borneo was in sight. The boys declared their inability to discover any difference between Borneo and Sumatra when seen from the deck of a ship, as the general appearance of the land was the same. [Pg 16] [Pg 17] "Very naturally that is the case," said the Doctor. "Both islands are tropical, and have the same characteristics in the way of mountains and valleys, and nearly all the trees of one are to be found on the other. The animal products are nearly alike, though the naturalists have found certain things in Borneo that do not exist in Sumatra, and vice versa. Now, tell me, please, which is the larger island of the two?" "Borneo is the larger," Fred answered; "it is about 850 miles long by 650 broad in its widest part, and is estimated to contain nearly 300,000 square miles. Sumatra is 200 miles longer than Borneo, but only 250 wide, and its area is thought to be not far from 160,000 square miles." "Quite right," responded the Doctor; "and now it's Frank's turn. What are the populations of the islands?" "The book we have just been reading," was the reply, "says that Sumatra has between three and four millions of inhabitants, while Borneo has less than 3,000,000; therefore, Borneo must be very thinly peopled." "To give you an idea of the density of the population, we will make a comparison. The Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland," Doctor Bronson continued, "has more than 30,000,000 of inhabitants, with an area no larger than that of Sumatra, and far less than that of Borneo. Mr. Wallace, in his 'Malay Archipelago,' says the whole of the British Islands might be set down in Borneo, and would be surrounded by a sea of forests. Here is a map in which Borneo and the British Isles have been drawn to the same scale, and you see that Mr. Wallace's statement is entirely correct." THE BRITISH ISLES AND BORNEO COMPARED. Several minutes were passed in the examination of the map, and the youths confessed their surprise at the information it gave them. They had no idea Borneo was so large, or, as Fred expressed it, that Great Britain was so small. The Doctor set them laughing with the story of the American who visited England and said he liked the country very much, but was afraid to go out in the evening through fear that he would walk off into the sea. It was a voyage of little more than two days from Batavia to Sarawak, the port in Borneo to which the Osprey was bound. The time was passed by our friends in conversation concerning the curious land they were about to visit, and certain features of its history. About noon of the third day from Singapore they were off the entrance of the Sarawak River, and, as the steamer was small, and of light draught, they were not delayed in passing the bar. Several native craft were on the stream, but they did not see a single foreign-rigged vessel until they entered the river and were well on their way to the town. [Pg 18] [Pg 19] A FRUIT-STORE IN SARAWAK. ASCENDING THE RIVER. Here is what Frank wrote in his note-book: "The town of Sarawak is about eighteen miles from the sea, and the voyage up from the bar reminded us of the voyage from the mouth of the Menam to Bangkok. The banks are lined with tropical trees of all kinds, and sometimes the foliage is so dense that it would be next to impossible to go through it without a hatchet. The houses are built over the water in many instances, and they have platforms in front where you can land from small boats just as you land at a wharf from a ship. By this arrangement the people are under no expense for drainage, as the water carries everything away as soon as it is thrown overboard. But the Doctor says the river abounds in snakes, just as the Menam does; and they come into the houses without waiting to be invited. "The town contains about 25,000 inhabitants. They are mostly Malays and Chinese; the former have come from other parts of the archipelago, and the latter from the southern provinces of China, like their countrymen in Siam. The original inhabitants of the country do not get along very well with the Chinese and Malays, and the most of them prefer to live farther in the interior. There is nothing very remarkable about the place, and you can see the most of it without going on shore, as it stands on the bank of the river, and none of the houses are very far from the water. We went ashore in a small boat rowed by Malays, and they made it go very fast with their strong arms at the oars: these Malays are excellent sailors and boatmen, and are preferred to any other nationality of the East, with the exception of the Chinese. Some of the ship captains say they would rather have a Malay crew than a Chinese one, as the Malays are less likely to become scared in a storm, and forget how to do their work. "We took a walk through the principal street of Sarawak, and saw lots of men who were doing nothing, and evidently didn't wish to be employed. The most of the hard work is performed by the Chinese, and our observation is that they are the most industrious people of the Far East, and the best at a trade. The commerce here, apart from that which the English control, is mostly in Chinese hands, so the Doctor tells us, and some of their merchants have made large fortunes. They trade in anything they can buy and sell, and are satisfied with small profits when they cannot get large ones, and some of their shops manage to get along with very few goods. We passed a fruit-store, where there were two or three boxes of oranges visible near the door, and a large bunch of bananas was hung outside for a sign, or perhaps to allow them to get ripe in the open air. One old fellow was smoking on the front step with his cat behind him, and three others were inside talking something we could not understand. They all appeared to belong to the establishment, but the whole stock of fruit, as far as we could see, wasn't worth ten dollars. "The houses are not very substantial, and the Doctor said that an ordinary building in Sarawak ought not to cost over fifty dollars, while a cheap one, sufficient for protection against the weather, could be built for five or ten. There are a few substantial buildings; one is called the Government House, and is where the governor and his officials live; and there is an English Protestant church and mission. There is a considerable population of Mohammedans here, and they have a mosque where they go to worship every Friday. Friday, you know, is the [Pg 20] [Pg 21] Moslem Sunday, and on that day the faithful followers of Mohammed are unwilling to do any hard work; Fred says it must be Sunday all the time for a good many of them, if we are to judge by their perpetual idleness. But there isn't much inducement for a man to work here, when a very little will support him. He does not need any thick clothes where there is no winter, and if it were not for the rules of politeness some of them wouldn't wear any clothes at all. "We should have been surprised to see the English flag flying over the place if we had not already learned something about the history of Sarawak. The town was formerly known as Kuching, and to this day some of the natives call it by that name. The river was the resort of the Malay pirates, who used to plunder all the coast and make it impossible for the natives to live there. The natives are called Dyaks; they seem to belong to both the Mongolian and Malay races, as they have the oblique eyes of the former, with the complexion and hair of the latter. They are said to be an honest and inoffensive people, and for this reason they were robbed by the Malays in former times, and are now cheated by both Malays and Chinese. They have a good deal of ingenuity about them, and some of their work would do credit to civilized people. "We saw a party of them climbing a tree just back of the town to get some cocoa-nuts; it was straight as an arrow, and about two feet in diameter, and hadn't a branch for at least forty feet. How do you suppose they did it? "They made some pegs of pieces from a bamboo pole; then they drove one of them into the tree about three feet from the ground, and another the same distance higher up. Next they took a long pole, also of bamboo, rested one end of it on the ground, and lashed it firmly to the two pegs. Then a man stood on the lowest peg and drove another in at about the level of his face, and as soon as it was driven he lashed the pole to it. So he went on and on, and when the pole gave out another was passed up and lashed in the same way as the first. It took them about fifteen minutes to make a very nice ladder—one side being the tree, and the other the bamboo pole; and as soon as they had got to the lower branches of the tree, the nuts came tumbling to the ground, and the man scrambled down after them. The whole thing appeared very easy and simple, but it would take an American some time to accomplish it. A DYAK YOUTH. "The Dyaks are very fond of ornaments, and where they can afford it they cover their necks with beads and brass wire, and decorate their arms with large rings of brass or silver. Most of them wear gay-colored handkerchiefs on their heads, and it is easy to distinguish them from the foreign Malays by this mark alone. We saw one Dyak youth of ten or twelve years, who had an intelligent face and bright, flashing eyes; he belonged to one of the hill tribes, and had come down from his home in the mountains with his father to see the strangers on the coast. His hair floated over his shoulders in great masses, and his ears had rings in them that looked as though they weighed a pound. His only clothing, apart from the rings and beads and handkerchief, was a strip of cotton cloth around his waist; and he carried a spear to indicate that he belonged to one of the best families of the country." CHAPTER II. AN EXCURSION IN BORNEO.—STORY OF RAJAH BROOKE. Our young friends greatly desired to visit the interior of Borneo; but as the Osprey would only remain a couple of days at Sarawak, and they wished to continue in her to Manilla, they were obliged to abandon the idea. The Doctor engaged a native boat to take them a short distance up the Sarawak River, so that they could see something of the great island away from the sea, and they gladly accepted the proposal. "Half a loaf is better than no bread," said Frank, and his [Pg 22] [Pg 23] opinion was promptly echoed by his cousin. The captain of the Osprey agreed to wait for them until the afternoon of the second day, and they promised to be back early enough to allow the ship to get to sea before dark. SCENE ON THE RIVER. A Dyak village about thirty miles above Sarawak was their destination; the crew of the boat was composed of half a dozen natives with strong arms, and as they had promise of a liberal payment on condition of making a rapid journey, they applied all their strength to the oars. Luckily, they were favored by the tide, and by a breeze blowing up stream, and very soon after getting under way they spread the sail of coarse matting and laid their oars at one side. The Dyaks along the coast are excellent sailors, but their boats are not built after the most approved models of naval architecture; under the best circumstances, they rarely make more than six miles an hour, and the most of them are satisfied with three or four. It took about seven hours of rowing and sailing for our friends to reach the village; but the time passed pleasantly, as there was an abundance of things of interest on the shore, and each bend of the stream revealed something new. The forest was dense, and contained several varieties of trees they had not yet seen, and there was an apparent abundance of animal and insect life. Every few minutes the boys would catch sight of a bright-winged bird or a gaudy butterfly, and they managed to secure several specimens of the latter. While they were halted for a few moments under a tree that overhung the water, Fred's attention was attracted by a butterfly that fluttered among the leaves for a moment, and then seemed to disappear like the harlequin in a play. While he was looking for it there came another and then another, and each of them in turn vanished like the first. Frank was as much excited as Fred over the strange phenomenon, and asked the Doctor what could have become of the butterflies, as he was certain they had not flown away, and he could not see them among the leaves. "Look closely at the leaves," said the Doctor, "and perhaps you will find them." "I've looked at every leaf," Fred answered; "but there is no butterfly to be seen." "I've found one," said Frank, as he took what appeared to be a leaf between his thumb and forefinger. Sure enough, he had secured his prize, and then he pointed to another, which Fred immediately captured. Then the Doctor explained that they had found the famous Leaf Butterfly of Borneo, that has the peculiarity of resembling almost to perfection a dead leaf of the tree he inhabits. "You observe," said he, "that his two sets of wings have a dark line running along them from point to point that exactly resembles the midrib of a leaf, and there are lines running out from this centre that correspond to its veins. When the wings are folded, the lower end of them imitates the stem, and touches the twig when the butterfly is at rest; and their upper extremity is pointed in exact imitation of the point of the leaf. It is the habit of this butterfly to settle where there are several dead or partly withered leaves, and you must have very sharp eyes to distinguish him from one of them." While the Doctor was talking the boys observed that their specimens were not exactly alike, and they called his attention to their discovery. The latter explained that it was difficult to find an exact resemblance in a dozen or more specimens, and they appeared to vary about as the leaves themselves were varied. It was a provision of nature for the protection and preservation of the butterfly, as he was enabled to escape many of his enemies by adapting his appearance to his retreat. "I suppose," said one of the boys, "it is on the same principle that rabbits in our own country are brown in summer and white in winter. Many a bunny has saved himself from the hunters by changing from brown to white when the snow falls." The two butterflies were carefully preserved along with those already captured, and as soon as the men were rested the boat moved on. Suddenly one of the Dyaks called out, "Mias! mias!" and pointed to the top of a tree where there was an animal of considerable size swinging from one limb to another, and apparently enjoying himself. Our friends looked, and the boys hardly needed the Doctor's explanation that "mias" is the Malay name of the famous orang-outang. [Pg 24] [Pg 25] [Pg 26] LEAF BUTTERFLY IN FLIGHT AND REPOSE. "What a splendid fellow he is," said Frank, "and what a pity we cannot capture him! He looks as though he was six feet high at least." "The gentleman we met as we went down the coast of Sumatra told us that none had ever been caught more than four feet and two inches high," responded Fred, "but this one certainly appears as large as a full-grown man." "Probably a measurement would tell a different story," Doctor Bronson remarked. "You know," he added, "that the largest fishes are the ones that are not caught, or get no farther than being hooked and lost." By this time the mias had seen the boat and taken alarm for his safety; with one swing he dropped from the limb where he had been exercising, and disappeared in the forest. The boys wished to land and pursue him, but the Doctor told them it would not be of the least use to do so, as he could easily elude them. "He can travel faster," he continued, "among the limbs of the trees than you could possibly go on the ground; he swings from one tree to another, then runs to the farther side along the horizontal limbs, and is ready for another plunge. We will stick to the river, and lose no time in reaching our destination." A FLOATING ISLAND. At a bend in the stream they saw some cattle grazing on a little island a short distance from a large tree that stood with its roots in the water. The Doctor said the island was in all probability a floating one that was attached to the bottom of the river by the long roots of the plants growing on it, and so flexible that it could rise and fall with the tide, or with the floods and droughts of the river. "These floating islands," he explained, "are by no means uncommon in tropical countries; there are many in the Amazon and its tributaries, and some of them are miles in extent. They are generally attached to the river-bottom, but occasionally they become separated and float away with the current, and instances are not unknown of cattle being swept out to sea on them." When they reached the village, whither they were bound, the boat was run to the bank, and the three travellers stepped on shore. The natives came down to meet them, and stood at a respectful distance till the orang-kaya, or head-man, made his appearance. He was dressed in gay-colored robes, and his head was wrapped with at least half a dozen handkerchiefs of silk and bandanna; Fred thought a dozen would not be too large a guess for the brass rings about his arms, and Frank thought they must be a heavy burden to wear all the time. The boys and men were similarly adorned, and Frank thought he had found a partial solution of the question, "What becomes of all the brass pins?" If they were used for making Dyak ornaments, the consumption must be enormous. The chief led the way to the "head-house," or strangers' lodging, which is in every Dyak village, and the whole population followed to have a look at the visitors. The boys observed that the Dyaks were generally well formed, and had more intelligent expressions on their faces than the majority of the natives of Java or the Malay peninsula, and there was a playful manner among the younger portion that greatly amused them. The Doctor said the Dyak youths had a [Pg 27]