Praise for The Bonnot Gang The first book on the subject in English, and one based on original re- search in the various libraries and collections in Paris, Amsterdam, and London. . . . Although the book is written as a history, the style is jour- nalistic rather than stuffily academic, and paced so that the narrative gets progressively more exciting. All in all, this is that rare book indeed. It is a good read and action-packed; but also meticulously researched with an impressive attention to detail. —New Anarchist Review Although Parry does not try to romanticize the protagonists, the con- clusion of the book does try to interpret their story as a political event arising out of the class struggle. . . . It will be widely read; it ought to be widely discussed. —Nicholas Walter, Freedom The book is original, almost naively frank, and instantly likeable. It re- quires no prior knowledge and although it describes itself as a history, it often reads more like a novel. All told this is a great introduction to the subject and well worth the read. —Katy Armstrong-Myers, Socialist Lawyer Parry neither idealizes nor condemns the Bonnot Gang. Instead, he is trying to situate its activities in an ideological tradition and, at least as importantly, in the unforgiving class contradictions characterizing French society at the time. —Ulf Gyllenhak, Dagens Nyheter André Soudy, as he appeared at Chantilly, aiming his Winchester rifle. The Bonnot Gang The Story of the French Illegalists Second Edition Richard Parry 2016 The Bonnot Gang: The Story of the French Illegalists Richard Parry Second Edition, PM Press, 2016 © Richard Parry 2016 ISBN: 978-1-62963-143-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016931126 Cover by John Yates/Stealworks.com Interior by Jonathan Rowland 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PM Press PO Box 23912 Oakland, CA 94623 www.pmpress.org Printed in the USA by the Employee Owners of Thomson-Shore in Dexter, Michigan. www.thomsonshore.com Contents Preface to the Second Edition vii Preface to the First Edition ix List of Illustrations xii Principal Characters xiii Chronology xix 1. From Illegality to Illegalism 1 2. A New Beginning 15 3. The Rebels 31 4. Anarchy in Suburbia 49 5. Bonnot 69 6. The Gang Forms 81 7. The Birth of Tragedy 89 8. Kings of the Road 107 9. Calm before the Storm 119 10. Kings of the Road (Part Two) 133 11. The Sûreté Fights Back 143 12. Twilight of the Idols 155 13. In the Belly of the Beast 179 14. The End of Anarchism? 203 Epilogue 215 Appendices 219 Sources 227 Bibliography 231 Index 236 Preface to the Second Edition This new edition appears after the hundredth anniversary of the death of Bonnot following the spectacular shoot-out at Choisy-Le-Roi in 1912. When he wrote “I am a famous man, my name has been trumpeted to the four corners of the globe” he could little suspect how much would be written about him in the future and how far he would penetrate into the French psyche as the image of furious and violent resistance to the existing order. And not just an antihero in the traditional mould, but an anarchist. An illegalist. Since the book was published some thirty years ago, interest in the story of the Bonnot Gang has not waned. In fact, since the turn of the millenium, a new book has appeared almost every year, and older works have been republished. In 1988, the year following publication of the first edition, there was reprint of Rirette Maîtrejean’s reminiscences of the Bonnot Gang, first published in 1913 after her trial and acquittal. The following year the Librairie Monnier in Paris printed the early writ- ings of Victor Serge that had appeared in the pages of l’anarchie as well as the more obscure Le Communiste and Le Révolté. More recently, in 2007, Dieudonné’s experiences of life in the penal colony of French Gui- ana, La Vie des Forçats (first published in 1930) was republished. As one of the few to escape, he may be considered as the real Papillon—but one who made it and lived to tell the tale. What Dieudonné did not do, however, was to tell the tale of his involvement or otherwise in the Bonnot Gang. Following a long and ultimately successful campaign over his supposed innocence, resulting in a presidential commutation of his sentence in 1927, he probably thought it wise to keep quiet. And this is why authors have continued to be inspired by the sto- ry—because, while we have the bare bones of the historical facts, there is still enough mystery to be able to invent some fabulous fiction. Sev- eral new novels have appeared in the last few years, some taking as a central theme the supposed employment of Bonnot as chauffeur to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in London in 1910. Although it is almost certainly viii The Bonnot Gang untrue, the legendary status of Bonnot has lent credence to this myth- ical encounter. In France, interest in the story of the Bonnot Gang has never died— it is their ‘Bonnie and Clyde’ and ‘Dillinger’ all rolled into one, but with some major differences. While these American antiheros were simple bank robbers without pretensions to be any more, the illegalists were consciously political, both on a personal level and in their view of the structure of the state and society. They are far more fascinating as indi- viduals with their vegetarianism, teetotalism and belief in anarchy and free love, as well as for their daring exploits. In my book I tried to adopt a both sympathetic and critical stance. It may be that I have been over-sympathetic, but this is the historian falling in love with his subject, and I admit that it was exciting both to research and to write. I have not, however, repeated matters of pure speculation; even where I describe intimate details of the gang’s relationships this is, as far as possible, based on primary sources—from the memoirs of the actual participants, from contemporary police reports or the columns of the anarchist press. In this new edition I have tried to clear up some earlier inaccuracies in regard to the survivors, some of whom later re- turned to live back in Paris and Brussels for many years, although, as with Dieudonné, they appear not to have left any later memoirs of their younger anarchist days. With the reappearance of the revolutionary movement in France in 1968, the story of the Bonnot Gang resurfaced. It was recalled by the Situationist International who admired their ‘devil-may-care’ attack on society, which they no doubt wished to emulate. They obviously caught the popular mood as in 1968 the film La Bande à Bonnot hit the screens, starring the singer Jacques Brel as Raymond-La-Science. With the de- cline of the revolutionary movement in the 1970s there was a reversal of perspective—now the story was told from the police point of view in the popular “Tiger Brigades” series, in which Bonnot featured in several episodes. A more recent film has repeated this adaptation. With the contemporary crisis of capitalism it may be that the popu- lar mood will turn again and Bonnot will feature once more on the silver screen, but with the story told from his perspective. Whatever may be, one thing is sure, the legend of the Bonnot Gang will remain. Richard Parry London, 2016 Preface to the First Edition On the eve of World War One a number of young anarchists came to- gether in Paris determined to settle scores with bourgeois society. Their exploits were to become legendary. The French press dubbed them ‘The Bonnot Gang’ after the oldest ‘member’, Jules Bonnot, a thirty-one year-old mechanic and professional crook who had recently arrived from Lyon. The other main characters, Octave Garnier, Raymond Callemin, René Valet, Élie Monier and André Soudy were all in their very early twenties. A host of other comrades (i.e. those of an anarchist persuasion) played roles that were relevant to the main story, and I apologize in advance for the plethora of names with which the narrative abounds. The so-called ‘gang’, however, had neither a name nor leaders, al- though it seems that Bonnot and Garnier played the principal moti- vating roles. They were not a close-knit criminal band in the classical style, but rather a union of egoists associated for a common purpose. Amongst comrades they were known as ‘illegalists’, which signified more than the simple fact that they carried out illegal acts. Illegal activity has always been part of the anarchist tradition, espe- cially in France, and so the story begins with a brief sketch of the theory and practice of illegality within the movement before the turn of the century. The illegalists in this study, however, differed from the activists of previous years in that they had a quite different conception of the purpose of illegal activity. As anarchist individualists, they came from a milieu whose most important theoretical inspiration was undoubtedly Max Stirner—whose work The Ego and Its Own remains the most powerful negation of the State, and affirmation of the individual, to date. Young anarchists took up Stirner’s ideas with relish, and the hybrid ‘anarchist-individualism’ was born as a new and vigorous current within the anarchist movement. In Paris, this milieu was centred on the weekly paper l’anarchie and the Causeries Populaires (regular discussion groups meeting in several