The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America Edited by Philip Goff © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-16936-3 Blackwell Companions to Religion The Blackwell Companions to Religion series presents a collection of the most recent scholarship and knowledge about world religions. Each volume draws together newly commissioned essays by distinguished authors in the fi eld, and is presented in a style which is accessible to undergradu- ate students, as well as scholars and the interested general reader. These volumes approach the subject in a creative and forward - thinking style, providing a forum in which leading scholars in the fi eld can make their views and research available to a wider audience. Published The Blackwell Companion to Judaism Edited by Jacob Neusner and Alan J. Avery - Peck The Blackwell Companion to Sociology of Religion Edited by Richard K. Fenn The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible Edited by Leo G. Perdue The Blackwell Companion to Postmodern Theology Edited by Graham Ward The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism Edited by Gavin Flood The Blackwell Companion to Political Theology Edited by Peter Scott and William T. Cavanaugh The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism Edited by Alister E. McGrath and Darren C. Marks The Blackwell Companion to Modern Theology Edited by Gareth Jones The Blackwell Companion to Christian Ethics Edited by Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Wells The Blackwell Companion to Religious Ethics Edited by William Schweiker The Blackwell Companion to Christian Spirituality Edited by Arthur Holder The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion Edited by Robert A. Segal The Blackwell Companion to the Qur ’ ā n Edited by Andrew Rippin The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought Edited by Ibrahim M. Abu - Rabi(cid:2) The Blackwell Companion to the Bible and Culture Edited by John F. A. Sawyer The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism Edited by James J. Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt, and Trent Pomplun The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity Edited by Ken Parry The Blackwell Companion to the Theologians Edited by Ian S. Markham The Blackwell Companion to the Bible in English Literature Edited by Rebecca Lemon, Emma Mason, John Roberts, and Christopher Rowland The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament Edited by David E. Aune The Blackwell Companion to Nineteenth- C entury Theology Edited by David Fergusson The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America Edited by Philip Goff F orthcoming The Blackwell Companion to Jesus Edited by Delbert Burkett The Blackwell Companion to African Religions Edited by Elias Bongmba The Blackwell Companion to Christian Mysticism Edited by Julia A. Lamm The Blackwell Companion to Pastoral Theology Edited by Bonnie Miller McLemore The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence Edited by Andrew Murphy The Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions Edited by Randall Nadeau The Blackwell Companion to Buddhism Edited by Mario Poceski The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America Edited by Philip Goff A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2010 © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offi ces 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Philip Goff to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Blackwell companion to religion in America / [edited by] Philip Goff. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to religion) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-6936-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. United States–Religion. I. Goff, Philip, 1964– II. Title: Companion to religion in America. BL2525.B58 2010 200.973–dc22 2009051004 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10 on 13 pt Photina by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed in Singapore 1 2010 For Grant Wacker – more than a mentor, always a friend Contents Preface ix List of Contributors xi Part I Interpreting American Religion 1 1 Surveying Religion in America 3 Philip Goff Part II Religion in American Society and Culture 15 2 The American Revolution 17 Thomas S. Kidd 3 Borderlands 29 Kristy Nabhan-Warren 4 Church and State 42 Derek Davis 5 Civil Religion 57 Ira Chernus 6 Class and Labor 71 Richard J. Callahan, Jr. 7 Denominations 90 Russell E. Richey 8 Economics 105 James Hudnut-Beumler 9 Family 117 Rebecca L. Davis 10 Film 130 Judith Weisenfeld CONTENTS vii 11 Gender 147 Sarah E. Johnson 12 Health 163 Christopher G. White 13 Sensory Cultures: Material and Visual Religion Reconsidered 177 Sally M. Promey and Shira Brisman 14 Media 206 Robert S. Fortner 15 Millennialism 215 Stephen J. Stein 16 Missions 228 Wilbert R. Shenk 17 Piety, Practice, and Ritual 242 Kathryn Lofton 18 Popular Culture 254 John Schmalzbauer 19 Race and Ethnicity 276 Roberto R. Treviño 20 Regions 291 Philip L. Barlow 21 Revivals 306 Michael McClymond 22 Science 321 William Durbin 23 Social Reform 338 Zoe Trodd 24 Theology and Belief 353 Robert E. Brown 25 Women 376 Susanna Morrill Part III Traditions and Movements 395 26 American Indians 397 Tracy Neal Leavelle 27 Anabaptists 417 David L. Weaver-Zercher viii CONTENTS 28 Baptists 429 Paul Harvey 29 The Black Church 446 Sylvester Johnson 30 Buddhism 468 Charles S. Prebish 31 Catholicism to 1945 478 Michael Pasquier 32 Catholicism Since 1945 491 Philip Gleason 33 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 508 David J. Whittaker 34 Eastern Orthodox Christianity 527 Amy A. Slagle 35 Evangelicalism 540 Darren Dochuk 36 Hinduism 559 Khyati Y. Joshi 37 Holiness and Pentecostalism 569 Jonathan R. Baer 38 Islam 587 Edward E. Curtis IV 39 Judaism 599 Yaakov Ariel 40 Lutherans 614 Susan Wilds McArver 41 New and Homegrown Religions 636 Sean McCloud 42 Protestant Liberalism 649 Mark Hulsether 43 Reformed Tradition 669 D. G. Hart 44 Wesleyan Tradition 684 Christopher H. Evans Index 699 Preface The only thing that rivals the transformation of religion in North America over the past 50 years is the way American religion is studied. It is not just that the Civil Rights movement, feminism, increased immigration, and the rise of the Religious Right have changed the face of the United States; rather, these events have caused scholars to reassess how they study the many components of religion in North America. Several encyclopedias and collections have documented the religious revolution away from a liberal Protestant cultural hegemony to a decentered religious pluralism in which con- sumerism, entertainment, and a therapeutic mindset often govern religions ’ growth here. What we’ v e lacked is a comprehensive volume by leading scholars to assess the story behind the story – how it is that the analysis of religion has changed alongside the religious landscape. T he Companion to Religion in America offers an opportunity for scholars to step back and consider not just the various major topics that constitute American religion, but also the ways those subjects have been analyzed by scholars over the years. Each author tells the story of scholarship about a particular topic in American religious history alongside a description of that topic. The Companion to Religion in America stands apart from anything else currently in print. Existing encyclopedias focus on descriptions and analyses of particular topics, usually from the perspective only of the one author. Ignored are the multiple interpreta- tions and the long and storied “ careers ” of topics – such as when they arose in signifi - cance within the fi eld, to which traditions they are tied, how different schools of thought developed in relation to those topics, as well as how they were challenged and changed not only in response to changes in society but also in relation to transformations within the scholarly discipline. This collection, by contrast, includes essays from a rich variety of scholars capable of stepping back to analyze the bibliographic history in a narrative fashion. Authored by both longstanding “ stars ” and more recent young scholars beginning to make their marks in the fi eld, the volume offers a unique collection of essays on the most important topics in American religious studies. These are not just descriptions of topics, but biblio- graphic essays on the life of our most important subjects in the fi eld. They are not so much snapshots of subjects as they are portraits in motion. x PREFACE Most academic books attempt to be the last word in a debate, to offer the defi nitive argument or explanation of a topic. That is not the purpose here. Rather, I hope that this book about conversations – the history of discussions in print about various sig- nifi cant topics in American religious history – will instead join in and even begin new conversations. We sit in the middle of a long series of overlapping exchanges among scholars. The better we can understand that conversation, the better we can identify our place within it as well as the signifi cance of our contribution to it. Philip Goff Indianapolis, Indiana