THEB LACKWELL COMPANION TO MAJOR CLASSICAL SOCIALT HEORISTS BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY The Blackwell Compdnions to Sociology provide introductions to emerging topics and theoretical orientations in sociology as well as presenting the scope and quality of the discipline as it is currently configured. Essays in the Compan- ions tackle broad themes or central puzzles within the field and are authored by key scholars who have spent considerable time in research and reflection on the questions and controversies that have activated interest in their area. This authoritative series will interest those studying sociology at advanced under- graduate or graduate level as well as scholars in the social sciences and informed readers in applied disciplines. 1 The Blackwell Companion to Social Theory, Second Edition Edited by Bryan S. Turner The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists 2 Edited by George Ritzer 3 The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology Edited by Kate Nash and Alan Scott 4 The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology Edited by William C. Cockerham 5 The Blackwell Companion to Sociology Edited by Judith R. Blau 6 The Blackwell Companion to Major Classical Social Theorists Edited by George Ritzer 7 The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists Edited by George Ritzer 8 The Blackwell Companion to Criminology Edited by Colin Sumner 9 The Blackwell Companion to Sociology of Families Edited by Jacqueline Scott, Judith Treas, and Martin Richards Forthcoming The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements Edited by David Snow, Sarah Soule, and Hanspeter I<riesi The Blackwell Companion to Social Inequalities Edited by Mary Romero and Eric Margolis The Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Culture Edited by Mark Jacobs and Nancy Hanrahan The Blackwell Companion to Major Classical Social Theorists Edited by George Ritzer Blackwell Publishing 0 2000, 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization 0 2000, 2003 by George Ritzer 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 lJF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia Kurfurstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd This edition and The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists originally published together as The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists in 2000 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 1-4051-0594-1 (paperback) A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10.5 on 12 pt Sabon by Kolam Information Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www. blackwellpublishing.com Contents vii Preface ix List of Contributors Introduction: Narratives, Geistesgeschichtes, and the History 1 of Social Theory Douglas J. Goodman 13 Auguste Comte Mary Pickering 41 Harriet Martineau Susan Hoecker-Drysdale 69 Herbert Spencer Ionatban H. Turner 93 Karl Marx Robert J. Antonio 132 Max Weber Stephen Kalberg 193 Emile Durkheirn Robert Alun Jones 239 Georg Simmel Lawrence A. Scaff 267 Charlotte Perkins Gilman Charles Lemert vi CONTENTS 290 9 George Herbert Mead Dmitri N. Shalin 333 10 W. E. B. Du Bois Charles Lemert 355 11 Alfred Schutz Mary Rogers 376 12 Talcott Parsons Victor Lidx 421 Index Preface The publication of this two-volume paperback edition is a welcome event. While many social scientists and libraries added the original hardback, single-volume edition of The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists to their collec- tions, its price put it beyond the reach of all but the most well-heeled students. Thus instructors were unable, by and large, to assign it to their classes. The publication of these two volumes in paperback solves that problem by making the books much more affordable. Furthermore, dividing the original volume more-or-less in half allows those who teach classical theory to assign volume I, The Blackwell Companion to Major Classical Social Theorists, and those who teach contemporary theory to use volume 11, The Blackwell Companion to Major Contemporary Social Theorists. In addition, for those who teach general courses in theory, both volumes can be assigned. The books can be used as basic texts, or as supplements to more conventional textbooks in social and socio- logical theory. Since the essays are original contributions authored by experts on particular theorists, the two volumes should also be useful to scholars looking for up-to-date and authoritative overviews of the work of the major social theorists. Some minor changes have been made to the text, but in the main the essays are the same as those that appeared in the original hardback edition. One major change is that the original introductory essay has been used as the basis for new introductory essays, each directed at the unique concerns of the volume in which it appears. Thus the volume of the classics opens with an essay by Douglas Goodman entitled, “Narratives, Geistesgeschichtes, and the History of Social Theory.” Goodman’s essay outlines five narrative approaches to the history of sociology, making the case for critical and effective histories of social theory that place classical theoretical perspectives in dialogue with present-day theoretical orientations and challenge the ideal of theoretical progress. The volume on ... Vlll PREFACE contemporary theory begins with an essay by Todd Stillman, “Metatheorizing Contemporary Social Theorists.” Stillman catalogues the forces that contribute to intellectual breakthroughs and develops a systematic approach to the intel- lectual and social factors that have influenced contemporary social theorists. Overall, these volumes present essays by leading contemporary social theorists on their classical predecessors and contemporary peers. Having written chapters or essays on many of the people covered here, I have a great appreciation for these essays. In fact, I learned a great deal from each of them and I believe that most, if not all, readers will find these essays edifying. Beyond the contributors, there are a number of other people to thank. I begin with Susan Rabinowitz, who proposed that I undertake this project and was of great help throughout its creation and development. Ken Provencher at Black- well helped to put the paperback volumes into print. I could not have done these books without the help of Douglas Goodman, who not only wrote the intro- ductory essay to the classical volume but read and commented on all of the essays and helped with the innumerable details involved in bringing this project to fruition. I also need to thank Todd Stillman, who authored the introduction to the contemporary volume and kept track of the revisions. My undergraduate research assistants Zinnia Cho and Jan Geesin also provided valuable research assistance. George Ritzer Contributors Robert J. Antonio is Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas. He works in classical, critical, and contemporary social theory. Among his publications are: “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology; “The Normative Foundations of Emancipatory Theory: Evolutionary vs. Pragmatic Perspectives,” American Journal of Sociology; and “Mapping Postmodern Social Theory,” in What Is Social Theory? Douglas J. Goodman completed his dissertation, “The Sociology of Freedom,” at the University of Maryland at College Park, and is now an assistant professor at the University of Puget Sound, WA. He has published pieces on Lacan, Luhmann, and Habermas, and has written on the sociology of consumption and postmodernism. Susan Hoecker-Drysdale is Adjunct Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec; Visiting Fellow, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 1997-8. Her publica- tions include: Harriet Martineau: First Woman Sociologist ( 1992); “Harriet Martineau ( 1802-1 876): Kritische Sozialforschung: Theorie und Praxis,” in Frauen in der Soxiologie: Neun Portrats (edited by Claudia Honegger and Theresa Wobbe, 1998);“ The Enigma of Harriet Martineau’s Letters on Science,” Women’s Writings: the Elizabethan to Victorian Period (1995); “Sociologists in the Vineyard: the Careers of Everett Cherrington Hughes and Helen MacGill Hughes,” in Creative Couples in the Sciences (edited by Helena Pycior et al., 1996); “Women Sociologists in Canada: the Careers of Helen MacGill Hughes, Aileen Dansken Ross and Jean Robertson Burnet,” in Despite the Odds: Essays on Canadian Women and Science (edited by Marianne G. Ainley, 1990). Her