Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Research Papers Graduate School 2011 THE BLACK X-MEN: WHERE ARE THEY IN THE NARRATIVE Lenzy T. Jones Southern Illinois University Carbondale, THE BLACK X-MEN: WHERE ARE THEY IN THE NARRATIVE By Lenzy Tyrese Jones B.A., Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2011 A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree Department of Sociology in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale December 2011 RESEARCH PAPER APPROVAL THE BLACK X-MEN: WHERE IN THE NARRATIVE DO THEY EXIST By Lenzy Tyrese Jones A Research Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the field of Sociology Approved by: Dr. Derek Martin, Chair Dr. Rachel Whaley Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale August 4, 2011 An ABSTRACT OF THE RESEARCH PAPER OF Lenzy Tyrese Jones, for the Masters of Arts degree in Sociology, presented on 4 August 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: BLACK X-MEN: WHERE IN THE NARRATIVE DO THEY EXIST MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Derek Martin The purpose of the paper is to perform an analysis on the Marvel Comic Uncanny X-Men. The goal of this analysis is to understand Black characters location in the narrative and their level of participation in the narrative. The result is that Black characters are underrepresented in the comic as main characters and show a lack of participation in the overall narrative. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to formally thank Dr. Derek Martin for all his patience, guidance, and assistance during this thesis project. I would also like to thank Dr. Rachel Whaley and Dr. Jennifer Dunn. Finally I would like to thank my family for their support in everything that I endured during this process. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Page ABSTRACT ……………………………..…………………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………..…………………………………….…ii CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1– Introduction …………………………………….……. 1 CHAPTER 2 – Background …………………………………….….... 7 CHAPTER 3 – Methods …………………….…………………..…… 19 CHAPTER 4 – Results …………………………………………..…... 29 CHAPTER 5 – Discussion ………………………………….…..…… 35 CHAPTER 6 – Conclusion ………………………………….………. 37 REFERENCES …………………………………………….………………… 41 VITA …………………………………………………………………………. 52 iii 1 CHAPTER 1 THE UNCANNY COMIC BOOK Fox Studio’s new film, X-Men: First Class, opened last week to take the crown at the box office. The film, based on Marvel Comics’ Uncanny X-Men series, is a continuation of the X-Men franchise that has been very successful for Fox for the last eleven years. The source materials the movies draw from are some of the most popular and respected in the comic world. The X-Men have been reinterpreted in several animated television series since 1992, live action television series, and video games. Each time keeping the essential story of mutants fighting for peaceful coexistence in a world that fears and hates them. In fact there is a whole generation of children and young adults, those who grew up watching the cartoon, who have the X-Men’s mantra of “fighting for peaceful coexistence”, embedded in their collective consciousness. As a comic book, the X-Men fit a rather peculiar location in the media landscape. Comic books, particularly the superhero genre, rely on pictures, text, and the reader’s imagination to fully tell a story. A reader’s perceptional baggage, including personal experiences and cultural beliefs, shape how they interpret the words and pictures they consume in mass media, including comic books (Murphy 1998). Novels and short stories expect a reader to construct the world they envision in their own head. Television and movies on the other hand, uses actors to visually convey the world they are trying create. Comic books blend those two approaches to create a very different reading experience. Of the top 100 grossing domestic films in U.S. history, comic book properties make up 10% of them, with the third highest grossing being the comic book based movie The Dark Knight (Box Office Mojo 2011). The growing popularity of comic book properties, this summer alone the four comic book based films have grossed over 500 million dollars, and the lack of research done on them in a sociological manner, they serve as fertile ground to get a snap shot of society (Box Office Mojo 2011). An equally important aspect of comic books is that they were for a long time, and to some degree today, seen as a part of a stigmatized culture (Lopes 2009). Originally when they first appeared on the scene superhero comic books were seen as something targeted at children or young adults, as a means of entertaining them in a world before television took over. This was until Fredric Wertham’s Seduction of the Innocent (1954), which proposed that superhero comic books were un-American and were mentally harming children. The book created fervor in the country, rallying forces against comic books. It became such an issue that there were actual hearings in front of the Senate in the form of the Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency (Time 1954). The fall out for this was the formation of a censoring body for comics, the Comic Book Authority, and a falling interest in comic books across the country (Hajdu 2009). After the controversy in the 1950s, superhero comics took on a stigma of 2 corrupting that same youth, and it was not until the 1960s that they returned to become even more popular. The new stigma that came attached to superhero comics was one of antisocial behavior, reclusiveness, and immaturity (Lopes 2009). While the focus of the stigma has changed since the 1930s, there has always been this type of negative connotation attached to them (Lopes 2006). This creates a medium that is consumed by far fewer people than television or novels. To put it into perspective, in 2010 over 700 million books were purchased compared to fewer than 100 million comic books (McSweeney 2011; Miller 2011). In turn creating a stronger community, that finds strength in fanzines and conventions; even with this more insular community, comic books have still managed to affect the larger culture. They have at different periods become popular enough, with a large enough fan bases, to get cartoons on television, video games based on their characters, or even motion pictures. This has brought the themes and ideas that comic books have been constructing for years to be exposed to the larger society. This greater exposure has garnered comics some criticism from political pundits whenever they are perceived as violating cultural norms. The most recent examples include comics not being patriotic, with the “Death of Captain America”, some political signage in comics, and Superman renouncing his United States citizenship (Higgins 2011; McGuirk 2010; Robinson 2007). Since it does not look like superhero comic books will be waning in their effects on television and film and that no other scholar has attempted to analysis 3 comic books in a similar fashion; they are an ideal place to examine how a media form transmits mainstream cultural beliefs. Started in 1963, the X-Men were created for Marvel Comics by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby (Lee et al. 1997). In the world the X-Men were created in, mutants are humans who are born with a special “x-factor” gene that gives them superhuman abilities. This makes mutants different than other super powered characters, their powers not the result of some science accident or alien physiology. Mutants were normal people who happened to be born with a gene that made them different. This was a dramatic shift in superheroes at the time. Their creation was still rooted in science, but the writers introduced a unique social element to their story. While any person could potentially be given powers by some type of scientific accident, although in comics it was stated that not everyone would survive those processes, becoming a mutant was something you had no control over and random. A person could not choose if they would be a mutant or what their mutation would be; it was all a random occurrence. In the Marvel Universe, normal people saw mutants as this secret enemy that could be them, their family or friends. Mutants are seen as the next step in human evolution, thus implying that humans were obsolete, adding to the fear and hatred (Lee et al 1997, Trushell 2004). Not only that, but Stan Lee made sure that in this world mutants were feared for their power. The average person saw them as this unknown threat that 4