4WAA 0....... . . -\ p.-.:~ h ? I... r.~ .A* 061* a a 0 ' ' ' AMERICAN SCHOOLS Biblical Archaeologist OF ORIENTALR ESEARCH P. O. BOX H.M., DUKE STATION ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE DURHAM, NC 27706 (919) 684-3075 ASOR, 3301 NORTH CHARLES STREET BALTIMORE, MD 21218 Biblical Archaeologist (ISSN 0006-0895) is published quarterly (410) 516-3498 (March, June, September, December) by Scholars Press, 819 Houston Mill Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, for the American 0NSOF Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). Subscriptions: Annual subscription rates are $35 for individuals and $45 for institutions. There is a special annual rate of $28 for retirees. Single issues are $9 for individuals and $12 for institu- tions. In foreign countries, add $5 for annual subscriptions and $2 for single issues. Orders should be sent to ASOR Membership/ Subscriber Services, P.O. Box 15399, Atlanta, GA 30333-0399 Eric M. Meyers, President (telephone: 404-636-4757; Bitnet SCHOLARS @EMORYU1). 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Meyers Seymour Gitin, Director Associate Editor David C. Hopkins Joe D. Seger, President Book ReviewE ditor JamesC . Moyer Carol Meyers, First Vice President SeniorE ditor ToddM cGee Joy Ungerleider-Mayerson, Second Vice President; Designer LauraH ughes Acting Board Chair John Spencer, Secretary-Treasurer EditorialC ommittee WalterE . Aufrecht JoA nn Hackett JackS asson BaghdadC ommittee fort he BaghdadS chool EdwardF .C ampbell A. T. Kraabel Neil A. Silberman Jerrold S. Cooper, Chairman Douglas L. Esse Thomas E. Levy MarkS . Smith Near Eastern Studies Volkmar Fritz P.K yleM cCarter StuartS winy The Johns Hopkins University LawrenceT . Geraty David W.M cCreery L. Michael White Baltimore, MD 21218 SeymourG itin Carol L. Meyers StephenG oranson S. Thomas Parker AmericanC entero f OrientalR esearch( ACOR) JPPai.eOm r.re eBs oSBxaik u2ae4ir7,, 0DP, irrJeeescbidteoelr nA t mman, Amman, Jordan. AFodrvde ortri sSinarga: hC Foorsrteesrp, oSncdheonlacres sPhroeussld, Pb.Oe .a Bdodxr e1s5se3d9 9t,o A Dtleannntais, Lawrence T. Geraty, Vice President GA 30333-0399 (telephone: 404-636-4757; fax: 404-636-8301). Roger S. Boraas, Secretary Randolph B. Old, T7easurer pBairbelidc ably Athrec haadevoelrotgiissetr . iTs hneo te drietsopro nressiberlev efso trh eer rroigrsh ti nt oc orpeyfu pser e- CyprusA mericanA rchaeologicalR esearchI nstitute (CAARI) any ad. Ads for the sale of antiquities will not be accepted. 11 Andreas Dhimitriou Street, Nicosia 136, Cyprus. Stuart Swiny, Director Editorial Correspondence: Article proposals, manuscripts and Giraud Foster, President editorial correspondence should be sent to Biblical Archae- Lydie Shufro, Vice President ologist, P.O. Box H.M., Duke Station, Durham, NC 27706. Ellen Herscher, Secretary Unsolicited manuscripts must be accompanied by a self- Andrew Oliver, Jr., Treasurer addressed, stamped envelope. Foreign contributors should furnish international reply coupons. ASOR Ancient Manuscripts Committee James C. VanderKam, Chairman Manuscripts must conform to the format used in Biblical Department of Theology Archaeologist, with full bibliographic references and a minimum University of Notre Dame of endnotes. See recent issues for examples of the proper style. Notre Dame, IN 46556 Manuscripts must also include appropriate illustrations and legends. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission to Damascus Committee use illustrations. Michael J. Fuller, Chairman Anthropology Department Composition by Liberated Types, Ltd., Durham, NC. St. Louis Community College Printed by PBM Graphics, Inc., Raleigh, NC. 3400 Pershall Road St. Louis, MO 63135 Publisher: Scholars Press BiblicalA rchaeologist A Publication of the American Schools of Oriental Research Volume 54 Number 4 December 1991 Page1 86 Bead Manufacture at Hajar ar-Rayhani,Y emen 186 A. John Gwinnett and Leonard Gorelick Stone beads have been made and worn since the Upper Paleolithic period. Beads have been used, appreciateda nd collected in a variety of ways throughout history, and often served specific religious functions. The authors study the various ways beads were shaped and polished, a topic that has been largely neglected in bead scholarship. The Status of Dor in Late Antiquity: 198 A Maritime Perspective Kurt Raveh and Sean A. Kingsley It has long been believed that the small port at Dor along the Page1 98 Israeli coast was overshadowedb y a much largerp ort 13 kilo- meters to the south at Caesarea.A ncient sources report that Dor's decline began in 22 B.C.Ea.n d ended with the site being virtually abandonedb y 390 C.ER. ecent research, however,h as revealed an intriguing arrayo f maritime installations along a 1-mile stretch of shoreline that, along with a plethora of multi- period material, indicates Dor may have been much more active than previously thought. The Walls of Jerusalem in the Early Islamic Period 208 Jodi Magness During the seventh century C.E.M, oslem tribes from the Arabian peninsula swept through the Middle East and North Africa, creating a vast new empire. Recent excavations have revealed that the Umayyads, the first Moslem dynasty to establish its hegemony over the new empire, sponsored many building projects throughout Palestine, including numerous structures on and around the Temple Mount and a reconstruction of the city walls at the end of the Umayyad period. Old Testament/HebrewB ible Textbooks: 218 Which Ones are Best? Page2 08 Victor H. Matthews and James C. Moyer In the fifth part of a series of in-depth book review articles, Old Testament/HebrewB ible textbooks published since 1980 (with one exception) are reviewed for how they used archaeologyt o illuminate biblical studies. From the Editor'sD esk 184 Commentary: Handling Future Manuscript Discoveries 235 Introducing the Authors 182 On the cover:A n aerial view of the natural harbor at Dor, which may have been a much more active port than was previously thought. Photo courtesy of Spectra. LeonardG orelick JodiM agness ( 01 ?a P?o-o4 A. JohnG winnett the Authors Introducing Jodi Magness has participated in numerous excavations LeonardG orelick operates a private practice in Ortho- in Israela nd Greece and currently serves as the Byzantine dontics and holds an Associate Clinical Professorshipa t ceramics specialist for the excavations at Caesarea the State University of New York at Stony Brook. As a Maritima. Dr. Magness received her bachelor'sd egree in collector of seals, his scholastic interest in them begani n Archaeology and History from the Hebrew University of the early 1970s. Dr. Gorelick has coauthoredm ore than Jerusalema nd her Ph.D. in Classical Archaeology from 30 papers on seals, beads and scarabs,f ocusing on their the University of Pennsylvania.A revised version of her significance and methods of manufacture. dissertation "AT ypology of the Late Roman and Byzan- tine Pottery of Jerusalem"is forthcoming from Sheffield KurtR aveh is the founder and Scientific Director of the Academic Press. Center of Nautical and Regional Archaeology, Dor (CONRAD)i n Israel.S ince immigratingf rom Holland to A. John Gwinnett is Professor of Oral Biology and Israel in 1974, he has worked as a maritime archaeology Pathology at the State University of New Yorka t Stony inspector for the Israel Antiquities Authority and has Brook.H e received a dental degreef rom the University of directed several land projects and served as a staff mem- Birmingham and a Ph.D. in Oral Pathology from the ber in all terrestrial surveys and excavations in the Dor University of Bristol,E ngland.H is avocationali nterest in region. He is the Scientific Director of the Dor Maritime archaeology began in the mid 1970s when he started Archaeology Projecta nd is completing a master'sd egree using scanning electron microscopyt o study ancient tool in museology at Haifa University. marks. He and Leonard Gorelick have produced more than 30 papersd ealing with the evolution of drilling and engravingt echnology. 182 Biblical Archaeologist, December 1991 Sean A. Kingsleya nd KurtR aveh James C. Moyer VictorH . Matthews Sean A. Kingsley has been working on underwater sur- Victor H. Matthews is Professor of Religious Studies at veys and land excavations at Dor since 1987 and is now Southwest Missouri State University. He has published codirector of the Dor Maritime Archaeology Project, severala rticles in Biblical Archaeologist, as well as three where he is studying the largest collection of ancient an- books, PastoralN omadism in the Mari Kingdom (Ameri- chors found in any single location in the Mediterranean. can Schools of Oriental Research Dissertation Series 3, He completed a B.A.H onours degreea t Saint David'sU ni- 1978),M anners and Customs in the Bible (Hendrickson versity College, University of Wales,a ndh as excavatedo n Publishers, 1988), and his most recent work, Old Testa- severals ites in England. ment Parallels:S tories and Laws from the Ancient Near East, which was cowritten by Don C. Benjamin of Rice Currently serving as Book Review Editor for Biblical University. Dr. Matthews is the editor of the ASOR Archaeologist, James C. Moyer is Professoro f Religious Newsletter. Studies and Head of the Department of Religious Studies at Southwest Missouri State University. Dr. Moyer has excavateda t Gezer, Raddanaa nd The City of David. His publications include severala rticles for Biblical Archae- ologist and a coedited book, with William W Hallo and Leo G. Perdue, Scripturei n Context II: More Essays on the ComparativeM ethod (Eisenbrauns,1 983). Biblical Archaeologist, December 1991 183 From the Editor's Desk her ecenstw irol f It was into this maelstrom publicity concern- that the Huntington Library ing the Dead Sea stepped in September 1991, Scrolls should be when it announced that a viewed in the best possible complete set of large (4"/5") light. After all, the American negatives and microfilms of School in Jerusalem,n ow the the Dead Sea Scrolls would be Albright Institute, and the made availablet o the public at American Schools of Oriental its California facility and by Research have played essen- inter-libraryl oan. It also an- tial roles in bringing at least nounced jointly with Duke some of the most important University severalw eeks later scrolls to publication within that the Duke University Di- ASOR, first at the Libraryo f vinity School Library would Congress, then at the Walters receive a complete set of the Art Gallery in Baltimore and negatives and microfilm. In then at Duke University. And subsequent announcements, most importantly, it was Wil- Jerry Campbell, Duke's head liam F. Albright, whose birth centennial we have been librarian and Vice Provost, reaffirmed the Huntington celebratingt his year,w ho correctlyt ermed the scrolls the Library'sp olicy of full access. So, along with Claremont greatestm anuscriptf ind of the twentieth century.I ndeed, University, Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati and he and his students then at The JohnsH opkins University Oxford University, Duke is about to become another went on to become the leading figures in researchingt he repository.N o doubt there will be others, as well. scrolls:I vry,C ross,F reedman,F itzmyer,t o name but a few. The IAA called for a special meeting in early Decem- While it may be said that the media has exaggerated ber to discuss the matter of how access will be providedt o aspects of the debate regardingt he time lag for publica- the unpublished fragments. However,i n its first official tion of some fragments, especially those from Cave 4 at release on this matter (September2 5) it stated that the Qumran,i t has not been off the mark in calling forg reater IAA "agreesi n principle to facilitate free access to photo- access to that ancient treasure trove of biblical and non- graphso f the Scrolls"a nd called for a meeting "tod iscuss biblical documents. For reasons well known now, some issues relevantt o the preservationa nd publication"o f the scholars,e ach for differentf actors,d id not allow access to corpus.O n October2 7, 1991,t he IAA announced that any materials assigned them and were certainly delinquent scholar could consult the material as long as that scholar in delivering any sort of publication. The Israel Antiq- would not publish it. Although the IAA apparentlyw ill uities Authority (IAA)a nd its Advisory Committee were allow full access to the scrolls, the intention is to allow in the midst of reassigningt he materials and proposinga exclusive publishing rights to the groupo f 40 to 50 recent- new schedule for publication when all this publicity ly assigned scholars. emerged. Then came John Strugnell'sn ow famous inter- It seems clear that, as of this writing, the status quo view in The Jerusalem Post, which led to his removal is permanently changed,a nd for the better. In the United from the senior editorship of the Scrolls team and the States, at least, there is certainly no possibility of turning creation of the new team of Emanuel Tov,E ugune Ulrich back, even though the IAA has decided to approvea ccess and Emile Puech. to photos or negatives on the condition that those schol- 184 Biblical Archaeologist, December 1991 ars now assigned materials to publish should have first Now is not the time to place blame or call names or rights of publication within the time frame approvedb y to remind old committees and retired scholars of the the IAA and its Advisory Committee. Huntington'sb old exclusivist practices of the past in assigning materials or and definitive stand on access makes such a position un- of allowing certain individuals the privilege of a life-long tenable. It is unfortunatet hat, 44 years aftert he discovery publication deadline. There has been enough of that. of the first scrolls in the JudaeanW ilderness, there is still Now is the time to get on with the challenge of getting a lack of agreement among those most familiar with their this material out and into the hands of all who would like contents and significance on how to proceed with publi- to see it, read it and learn from it. The only way to quell cation. While agreements between Oxford University the current brouhaha is to devise responsible ways to Press in England and the official editorial committee of present such data to the scholarly community and the the Dead Sea Scrolls publications team must and surely public with alacrity and maximum efficiency. In a Com- will be honored, including the many new assignments mentary in this issue, ProfessorJ amesM . Robinson pro- made during the last severaly ears, business as usual will poses several steps that would enable the scholarly world not be allowed to occur again. While the Oxford edition to better handle future manuscript discoveries. will be considered the editio princeps, the authoritative Hopefully, there will be no lawsuits from concerned "first edition," there will undoubtedly be cases where parties on either side, and solutions can be found to many other "unofficial"e ditions precede them. The scholarly of the important issues raised. The positive side to all of community knows well how to distinguish between this is that there is genuine interest in the public, among what is "first-ratea"n d what is "first,"a nd the public will students who might be otherwise inclined to study also learn to make such a distinction as well. something else, and among younger scholars who feel Writinga s a concerned colleague and private citizen, they can have something to say, if not do, in all of this. albeit one with numerous official roles in ASOR, I call Evens ome of the more senior people in the field who have once again upon our learned society to establish firm been excluded from researchingt he scrolls now feel they guidelines for publishing manuscript materials and might have a "go of it" if complete access becomes a archaeological materials. Nearly two years ago, I called practical reality. upon ASOR'sA ncient ManuscriptsC ommittee to articu- ASOR, which played such a central, formative and late a policy on public access to unpublished scrolls and positive role in early Dead Sea Scrolls researcha nd pub- to recommend protocols for appropriate,e fficient and lication, and its sister society, the Society for Biblical timely publication of important unpublished documents Literature( SBL)h, ave an obligation to lead and enlighten of antiquity. The chairman of the committee, James C. in the present situation. Let us not leave those who have VanderKam,h as informed me that the committee has much less at stake to make decisions that will affect the prepareda document on access policy that is also being disciplines of biblical study and archaeology for years to discussed by the Research and Publications Committee come. The time to act is at hand. of the Society of Biblical Literature. In view of this, I applaudt he anticipated discussion of ASOR'sC ommittee on Archaeological Policy on this subject and on important related issues of great interest to the public. It would not be improper at all for ASOR's membership or corporationt o discuss such matters and take appropriates teps to place such matters on the soci- Eric M. Meyers ety's priority list, where they should be. Editor-in-Chief Biblical Archaeologist, December 1991 185 Bead beads. In Jarmo,I raq-one of the first we aspire to, by failing to discard our settled food-producingv illages -a old status symbols our chances of small group of perforatedh ard stone success are diminished ... people Manufactuberadse (Mo hs 5-7) and pendants was continually strain ... to surround excavated (Braidwooda nd others themselves with evidence of the at 1983).A s part of our study of these superior rank they are claiming" beads (Gorelick and Gwinnett 1990: (1959:7 ). 25), we found that it took 100 times An early example of the religious Hajar longer to drill quartz than to drill aspect of beads is shown on two marble. The difference in manufac- Mesopotamian cylinder seals from turing time suggested that the use of Uruk that to date to around 3200 ar-Rayhani, hard stones may have been made for B.C.E. A string of beads is depicted a special group.T he change in social as being brought for offerings at a Yemen organizationf rom a more egalitarian, shrine (Frankfort1 939:p late ib). A hunter-gathererw ay of life to a set- current example are the rosaryb eads byA .J ohn Gwinnett tled village existence in which social with which Catholic children are roles and differences were arising taught the mysteries of the faith. and LeonardG orelick might account for the use of hard An ethnographic amuletic example relevant to Yemen is the eadhs avbe eenu seda, ppre- Bedouin woman'sj ewelry.A ccording ciated and collected almost Stone beads have to FrederickV idal (1985:6 8) certain universally throughout "configurationso f ... chains and history. In addition to their been made and beads have Talismanic signifi- worn polished beauty, beads often served cance ... A Bedouinw oman'sj ewelry specific functions. They were used to since the Upper is adornment, economic status sym- indicate social status and religious bol and badge of fecundity... " importance and were used as amu- Paleolithic period. (italics added). lets as well. Stone beads have been made and Methods of Manufacture worn since the Upper Paleolithic The ways stone beads were made has period. RandalW hite (1987:3 ) ad- stones as another type of body orna- been seriously neglected in bead dressed the issue of the "explosion" ment and status symbol. scholarship. This is somewhat sur- in the use of beads on the evolution- In a tangent study on Mesopo- prising since it seems reasonable to ary implications of bead manufac- tamian cylinder seals, we traced a suggest that the history of how they ture in the early Aurignacianp eriod, similar change in soft to hard stone were made would reflect and com- circa 34,000-32,000 B.C.EF. or the usage from the earliest Uruk/Jemdt plement an understandingo f the first time, ivory and steatite beads Nasr period, circa 3000 B.C.E(. 4 per- history of all lapidaryt echnology. were used as body adornment. White cent hard)t hrough the Sasanian Our appreciationo f bead manufac- expressed the following concern: period, circa 200-600 C.E.( 99 percent ture stemmed from a functional "with the processes of 'self'd efinition hard).W e suggested that the change analysis and severalr eports (Gorelick and social display universal among was due to several factors, namely and Gwinnett 1978: 38; Gwinnett modern humans and their evolution- the greater status value of hard and Gorelick 1979: 17) on ancient ary causes and consequences. ... stones, the development of status Near Easterns tone cylinder seals. Exotic materials (procured) from envy, and technological improve- We suggested, for example, that the long distances are most often trans- ments in methods of manufacture.I t Early Bronze Age cylinder seal was formed into objects of body orna- is our guess that an investigation (in the result of a technological mar- mentation (and that) visibility was a progress)o n changes from soft to riage between the Chalcolithic en- major criterion for the choice of par- hard stone beads will disclose a graved stamp seal and the even ear- ticular objects in which to invest similar trait. Hard stone beads were lier cylindrical bead. stylistic information .. and that in the vast majority in the present We published subsequent reports differences in various periods might study. A reference to status seeking on bead making at a Neolithic site at imply major differences in social in our society is relevant to the past Jarmo, Iraq dating to approximately organization." as well. Vance Packardw rote: "ifw e 6500 B.C.E(. Gorelick and Gwinnett For about 25,000 years, only soft aspire to rise in the world but fail to 1990: 25); an Early Bronze Age site at stones' (Mohs 1-3) were used for take on the coloration of the group Shahr-i Sohkta, Iran (Gwinnett and Biblical Archaeologist, December 1991 187 Storifn gsI aIan b'eads made inID Cabay DID Il )l~l~D ' r~I~ ~TI~ TI I I'l~ll If owere upoblisheid g'i using hssmte petumwbling sfuda method aan l 1,000yearsaI.Charactristicsf ig asnnhseugdti e, nl onhcandu yBCE ton bad. Eidnc Gorelick 1981: 10);a nd more recent- that were providedf or our study were Haiar ar-Rayhani,Y emen,i s the largest site ly in Mantai, Sri Lanka,c irca 700- dated stratigraphicallya nd by radio- in the Wadia l-Jubaha nd coversa bout 72,500 square meters. In antiquity, camel caravans 1000 C.E. (Gwinnett and Gorelick carbon dating from about 1200 B.C.E. carryings pices and fragrancesp assed through 1987: 149),B an Don Ta Phet, Thai- to about 100 C.E. (Blakelya nd Sauer Wadia l-Jubaho n their journeyt o the markets land, circa 350 B.C.E.t o 350 C.E. 1985: 4). of Egypt,P alestine and Mesopotamia. With the rise of sea trade in the first centuries C.E., (Gorelick and Gwinnett 1991 forth- The surroundingsa nd context and especially with the advent of Islam in coming), and Arikamedu, India, of Wadia l-Jubahw ere describedb y the seventh century C.E.,t he route came to be circa 250 B.C.E.t o 250 C.E. (Gwinnett Blakely and Sauer (1985:2 ): "The virtually abandoned. and Gorelick 1988: 187).T hese last barrens and track leads south from three were particularlyu seful in the ancient silt field of Maribt hrough with the rise of sea trade for spices documenting for the first time the the sands of the Rub'a l-Khahli,a long in the first centuries C.E., and espe- use of diamonds as drills, anticipat- the edges of the ruggedm ountains of cially with the advent of Islam in ing the finding for bead drilling in central Yemen, over precipitous the 7th century C.E.,t he route came this study. passes, and finally to WadiB eihan, to be virtually abandoned.I t was only This article deals with the beads where HajarB in Humeid and Timna' with the introduction of powered excavatedi n Yemen at the edge of are located. Timna' was the capital vehicles in the 1960s that the route the largest site in the Wadia l-Jubah of pre-IslamicQ ataban,a nd Hajar between Marib and the WadiB eihan known as Hajara r-Rayhani.A 2 by Bin Humeid was a point for frank- again regularlyc arrieda variety of 2 meters stratigraphicp robe was incense and myrrh transshipment international commodities.... excavatedi n 1982, 1984 and 1987 by from production areas even further Halfway between Mariba nd Wadi an archaeologicalt eam from the to the south in Arabia.F ragrance- Beihan lies the Wadia l-Jubah,a American Foundationf or the Study laden camel caravansm oved north mountain-ringed,d efensible piece of of Man (AFSM)J. effreyA . Blakely from the WadiB eihan on their long arablel and which is about 22 kilo- was the Field Director and the Chief and rewardingj ourneyt o the markets meters long and between 3 and 8 Archaeologist was JamesA . Sauer. of Egypt,P alestine,a nd Mesopotamia. kilometers wide." The site covers about 72,500 square They traveledw ell-wornp aths along Material. Of the approximately5 00 meters. Approximately3 ,500 speci- the edges of the Arabiand esert, pass- beads and bead fragments uncovered mens and samples of plaster,b one, ing Marib,t he capital of Sheba (Saba') in the excavation, 107 were stone or charcoal, seeds, beads steatite and and the most powerfulo f the ancient mineral. Of these, 87 beads were other objects were collected, as well South Arabiank ingdoms, as they availablef or study and 64 were as 242 baskets of pottery.T he beads plied their route north. Apparently selected for analysis. Those severely 188 Biblical Archaeologist, December 1991