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' A4 -A- -~-''-4-''A-':-4AA~' '44:'-"4 -"~444- "A-'4 " A. '-A A'-4- ' A4-'-' 4A44A4 44' h subject of history is the life of peoplesa nd of To catch and humanity. in pin down that words.., is to described irectly the life, only of humanity, not but of even a single people, to be appears impossibel' Tolstoi Since 1837-measuring success by our contribution to welfare and progress cover: A Phoenician warship as depicted in a panel showing Sennacherib's expedition to Phoenicia. ( BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGIST WINTER 1979 VOLUME4 2 NUMBER 1 RobertR . Wilson Between "Azel" and "Azel": Interpreting the 11 Biblical Genealogies The art of recognizing the various individual functions of genealogies in order to understand them. H. Jacob Katzenstein Tyre in the Early Persian Period (539-486 B.C.E.) 23 The impact of Carthage gaining its independence, and Tyre's loss of preeminence to its twin city, Sidon. EdwardF . Campbell W. F. Albright and Historical Reconstruction 37 J. Maxwell Miller A debate with rebuttals over the achievement and methodology of the late Professor W. F. Albright. Bert De Vries Research at Umm el-Jimal, Jordan, 1972-1977 49 Dependent on excellent water engineering, Umm el-Jimal was a prosperous desert city which flourished from early Roman times into the Ummayyad period. David W. McCreery A Tribute to Dr. James Leon Kelso A pioneer 57 biblical archeologist and Old Testament scholar who emphasized interdisciplinary cooperation. Letter to the Readers 4 op-ed 5 BFiablll)ic abl y Athrceh eAomlogerisitc ani s Scphuobolliss heodf qOuraierntetrally R(eWseianrtcehr,. IStps ripnugr, poSsuem ims etro, Polemics & Irenics 6 provide the general reader with an accurate scholarly yet easily understandable account of archeological discoveries and their bearing on the biblical heritage. Notes and News 9 Unsolicited mss. are welcome but should be accompanied by a stamped, self- addressed envelope. The American Schools of Oriental Research is no longer Book Reviews 61 affiliated with the Center for Scholarly Publishing and Services at Missoula, Montana. Address all editorial correspondence to Biblical Archeologist, 1053 Brackman, The Luck of Nineveh (Albenda); LSA Building, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Address all Alon, The Natural History of the Land of the Bible (Baly); business correspondence to ASOR, 126 Inman Street. Cambridge, MA 02139. Iconography of Religions (Fulco); Moore, Second class postage paid at Ann Arbor, MI 48106. Matthiae, Ebla, un impero ritrovato (MacDonald). Copyright @ 1979 American Schools of Oriental Research. Annual subscription rate:$ 12.00.C urrents ingle issues:$ 4.00. Colophon 64 Robert R. Wilson, Associate Professor of Old Editor Testament at Yale University, has written numerous David Noel Freedman, The University of articles in Old Testament studies. Dr. Wilson also has Michigan held several offices in scholarly organizations, including Associate Editor the office of Old Testament Editor for the Society of Harry Thomas Frank, Oberlin College Biblical Literature Dissertation Series. Editorial Committee Frank M. Cross, Harvard University John A. Miles, Jr., University of California H. Jacob Katzenstein is Assistant Professor in Ancient Press History and Bibliography at The Schocken Institute for Assistants to the Editor Jewish Research of the Jewish Theological Seminary of Lawrence D. Clark America, Jerusalem, Israel. He has authored The Lyn E. Fyfe History of Tyre and many articles on the ancient Ronald D. Guengerich Phoenicians. David M. Howard, Jr. Kent P. Jackson Terrence M. Kerestes Belinda Khalayly Edward F. Campbell, the editor of BA from 1960-76, is Kenneth A. Mathews Francis A. McGaw Professor of Old Testament at Philip C. Schmitz McCormick Theological Seminary. He also chairs Marsha Stuckey Bruce E. Willoughby ASOR's Committee on, Archaeological Policy, is Vice- President for Archaeology, and coordinates the team Graphic Designer preparing the final publication of the Drew-McCormick Rhonda De Mason Expedition to Shechem. Promotions Manager Michael P. Pfeifer J. Maxwell Miller, a Professor of Old Testament at Subscription Fulfillment Candler School of Theology, Emory University, has Robert B. Fisher participated in several excavations and most recently R. Guy Gattis directed an archeological survey of Central Moab. He has written The Old Testament and the Historian (1976) Credits and edited, with John Hayes, Israelite and Judaean Between "Azel" and "Azel": genealogical History (1977). charts on pp. 14, 15, 16, 20 supplied by author. Tyre in the Early Persian Period: maps on pp. Bert De Vries, Professor of History and Archeology at 24, 25 supplied by author; photos on pp. 27, 29, 30 (top), 32 supplied by author; photo on Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, has been p. 28 by courtesy of the British Museum; engaged in various archeological projects at the ancient photo on p. 30 (bottom) used by permission city of Umm el-Jimal from 1972 to present. of Encyclopedia Britannica, 14th edition; two photos on p. 31 by courtesy of The National Maritime Museum, Haifa; photo on p. 33 by courtesy of The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. W. F. Albright and Historical Reconstruc- David W. McCreery, currently a Ph.D. candidate at tion: photo on p. 38 supplied by Leona G. Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, was the Albright Running. Research at Umm el-Jimal: photos on pp. 49- Fellow at ACOR in Amman during 1977-78. As a 55 supplied by author. former student of Professor James Kelso, Mr. A Tribute to James Leon Kelso: photos on McCreery offers a glowing tribute to one of biblical pp. 58, 59 supplied by author. archeology's distinguished scholars. Colophon: "In the Long View of Human History Man's Reliance on Fossil Fuels Can Be but a Short Episode" and "The Moving Houses are Very Moving as They Move Slowly into the Sea" by Anselm Hollo are BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGIST from Sojourner Microcosms. Copyright ? is published with the financial assistance of 1977 by Anselm Hollo. Reprinted by permis- ZION RESEARCH FOUNDATION sion of Blue Wind Press. A nonsectarian Protestant foundation Composition by Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, for the study of the Bible IN 46590. Printed by Printing Services, The University of Michigan. and the history of the Christian church 2 WINTER 1979 7 P-_ ~~aii ; o?1r: lLCi - r?4 . ri 'd" 7 t0A Nk11otitd "llsblu '&b ru i'.Qf- "-A, d e g r r . HEHOLALX r -)?~ ic..' e,i2 -rl .t;%vs. %. $\ .srkC<P X:I T-:=, ................ ,(cid:127)..(cid:127)-; NTHE BIBLE PEOPLE. .9 . I ~E~ 'Z:' ~.... . 0 ?.. ,.4(cid:127) 7 O"' (cid:127) t~h , ~ (cid:127)'(cid:127) P'(cid:127)' 4, NOL IL '(cid:127) " ;-L r.'.. I,L(cid:127).(cid:127),' iEbo il . i.4. :tit 64 u tud (cid:127)x & 'u?'slui ..,. :C(cid:127)t41 g. -$itb l,C lee"(cid:127)1l"dSI0E,. '-:t' ,,-, Ar.rI lii t ~.,? IS~1 ?i4h~ C~s! N '~, n -J?L ~~5 it~ .,W. b ~ . ?;1 ..(cid:127)- ._:(cid:127). ,- , . ;.. . (cid:127) r,., bn ...:. -..S .(cid:127): .~ .- __. . . . ?t .~3, 1--i Bilde(cid:127).' ANN,. Avial aty ourl oca booktore . _. * NothngElse Can Match It For $5.95. Letter to the Readers Ever since the TV series "Roots" burst on the and relations, what it did and what happened to it American scene, people have been caught up happily in during a critical but little-known period of its history, the pursuit of their ancestors. Tracking one's origins has the 5th century B.C.E. For Judah, its neighbor to the become a national pastime, although this concern for southeast, the period of the Persian empire was also a family history is nothing new. In fact, the preservation time of strain and crisis, reorganization and reevalua- and evocation of the past through the recitation and tion, leading up to and including the activity of a new recording of genealogies is a time-honored tradition of breed of leaders: Ezra the Scribe, and Nehemiah, cup- our race. Everywhere on the face of the earth, men and bearer to the Emperor. women have marked the continuous sequence of The debate over the combination "Biblical generations, remembering those past in the names and Archeology" (to say nothing about the controversy over identification of those present. The common practice, the spelling of the second word and its close relatives) and its endless variety in detail, are reflected in the continues in fine fashion with papers and rejoinders by records of the Near East, the oldest and best preserved Ted Campbell and Max Miller. The particular subject is of any in the world. Genealogies of every kind and "W. F. Albright and Historical Reconstruction," serving every known purpose abound, and not least in namely, the work of the great master, who with Ernest the Bible itself. The chain which binds beginning to end, Wright practically invented the phrase mentioned and everything in between, is the procession of parents above. Considering the enormous influence that and children, fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, Albright exerted as scholar, teacher, writer, and editor, from the first couple to the last judgment. The basic a continuing reexamination of his views and methods biblical narrative, beginning with Genesis, which has its and reevaluation of his results and reconstructions are own genealogies, is matched by I Chronicles (1-9) which entirely in order. The healthy difference in content and is a compendium of such lists summarizing the whole tone between the participants should encourage, if not course of history from Adam to Saul and David by require, readers to draw their own conclusions and spur names in rank and order. Countless generations of Bible colleagues to make their own contribution to the debate. readers have bogged down in the endless series of At the recent meetings in New Orleans, the basic issue "begats": a dreary business, much like reading a tele- was discussed again from different angles by Bill Dever phone directory, for those seeking intellectual enlighten- and Darrell Lance. We hope to bring further word on ment or spiritual nurture. But, for genealogists and that at a later date. social historians, such lists are a bonanza. In his erudite Our archeological report for this issue is of special yet entertaining examination of ancient genealogies- interest because it summarizes the work of several their character and quality, reliability and historical campaigns at an important site in Jordan. Bert De Vries value, what may properly be gleaned from them, and the writes on Umm el-Jimal for the seasons from 1972-77. necessary cautionary measures to be taken-Robert Finally, we report the death of a distinguished Wilson has provided BA and its readers with an effective American archeologist, James Leon Kelso, who was and practical guide to understanding the old traditions. associated with the ASOR for many years and worked One of the ancient neighbors of Israel, the notable with Albright at Tell Beit Mirsim, Bethel and other sites. city-state of Tyre, was the subject of a recently published D. N. FREEDMAN book by H. Jacob Katzenstein. A spin-off from that scholarly work is the present essay on Tyre: its status 4 WINTER 1979 fields can be useful to the biblical archeologist and can aid in supporting the biblical archeologist's explanatory op-ed hypotheses. Nevertheless, a word of caution must be noted. Recent enthusiasm for the physical sciences among Biblical Archeology and Biblical Anthropology? biblical archeologists must be tempered with the realization that we are still experimenting with this kind Concerning Oded Borowski's suggestion that of approach. Large scale expeditions which have made contemporary archeological research in Palestine be use of the full complement of scientific advisers have not termed "Biblical Anthropology" (Borowski 1978: 43), it yet published sufficient data which would enable us to is best that this suggestion be rejected for the following judge whether the efforts of these scientists have yielded reasons. results of interest to biblical archeologists. Contrary to the finding of Lewis Binford (1962), all A case in point is the Wapnish, Hesse and Ogilvy archeology need not necessarily be anthropology. publication (1977) of the faunal remains from Tel Dan. Biblical archeology in particular proclaims the interest While the study is admirably thorough and no doubt of of its practitioners in biblical and related Near Eastern interest to osteologists, the question arises: of what texts as well as purely archeological data. As such, interest is it to biblical archeologists? biblical archeology has developed as an area of research The study thoroughly and creatively analyzes the more akin to history than anthropology. Therefore, faunal material. In a concluding section the results of biblical archeology is not presently practiced as a social the study are placed within the framework of the science. This should not be cause for remorse. Having excavation's objectives. It should be noted however that developed more as historical research than as social Wapnish, Hesse, Ogilvy devote much of this conclusion science, biblical archeology is, like history and law, a to the comparison of the faunal evidence with textual field-encompassing-field. evidence from the Bible. Here we do not have A field-encompassing-field is one which uses archeologists but rather osteologists with Bible in hand evidence from a variety of fields-the natural sciences pointing out correspondences with the biblical text. Is such as geology, chemistry, physics, and biology; the this sort of analysis any more tolerable when it is social sciences such as anthropology, sociology, osteological instead of archeological? I think not. economics, and psychology; and the humanities such as Although we have a case of new data being gathered, the comparative literature and art history-as warrants for same old questions are being asked of this data. its explanations (Harvey 1966: 54-59). For example, in The point here is not to disparage the work of order to explain a unique historical event, say a change Wapnish, Hesse, and Ogilvy. However, it must be in settlement pattern, an archeologist may use pointed out that the use of scientific data in biblical climatological evidence, evidence from historical texts, archeology is new and experimental. The integration of sociological evidence, and archeological evidence. All osteological and similar analyses into biblical archeo- these fields may contribute to explain the unique logical research will not be an easy or natural process. historical situation. They will not necessarily contribute Successful use of such material will require hard thought to the formulation of anthropological generalizations or on the part of all researchers involved. covering laws. It is more accurate then to describe If this new venture in biblical archeology, the use of biblical archeology as a field-encompassing-field than it archeometric and scientific data,is to succeed, it must be is to describe it as a social science. recognized as an experiment and, as such, put through It should be noted that, as a field-encompassing- rigorous tests. If biblical archeology is actually to field, biblical archeology is especially suited to make use become "new," we must change not only our data base of contributions from such disciplines as geology, but the questions we ask of it. paleobotany, physical anthropology, and palynology FREDRIC R. BRANDFON mentioned by Borowski. Information from all these Central Michigan University BIBLIOGRAPHY Binford, L. Harvey, V. 1962 Archaeology as Anthropology. American Antiquity 28: 1966 The Historian and the Believer. New York: MacMillan. 217-25. Wapnish, P.; Hesse, B.; Ogilvy, A. Borowski, O. 1977 The 1977 collection of Faunal Remains from Tel Dan. 1978 Biblical Archeology and Biblical Anthropology. Biblical Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 227: Archeologist 41: 42-43. 35-62. BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGIST 5 patriarchs lived under a social or legal system more akin in many ways to those of Mesopotamia than to those of Polemics and Irenics post-Exodus Israel. This is true for sexual matters as well as for other areas of life. However, it is difficult to ap- preciate this in studying sexual life since Syro- Mesopotamian standards differ in many ways from our own in this area. Yet it must be recognized that sexuality, as best as can be determined, played a role in some Respectable Prostitution In Early Israelite Society? ceremonial or ritual aspects of the Canaanite and Baby- lonian cults. The carrying out of acts loosely termed I read with great interest the article, "The Roots of "cult prostitution" thus were ritually proper. With there Restriction: Women In Early Israel," in the September being an identification between what was ritually proper 1978 issue. The article opened up many new realms of and what was morally right (if the gods demanded it, it thought and challenging interpretations. was right), prostitution would thus bear a social accep- However, I believe that Ms. Meyers has gone too tance (though not necessarily desirability) in the pre- or far in suggesting (p. 90) that "Until the period of the extra-Israelite world that taxes modern comprehension. Judges, the existence of harlotry was an accepted, if not condoned, fact." Her suggestion that in the later period CAROL L. MEYERS "prostitution was not a possibility" suggests that in the Duke University earlier period it was a viable option. The instances that she brings do not prove this. Rahab is not a heroine but a prostitute. She sells out her city in exactly the same way that she has been selling herself. Josh 2:9-13 makes it very clear that she is acting Roots of Restriction- In Early Israel? out of fear and sells her city for safety for herself and her family. The fact that she is later exonerated by Jewish I am writing in response to Carol Meyers' article, tradition (see the Targum Ad Loc. and b. Meg. 14B) "The Roots of Restriction: Women in Early Israel," does not change the Biblical story. which appeared in the September issue of Biblical It is perfectly true that Tamar is not condemned for Archeologist. As a student of ancient and biblical her temporary identification as a prostitute nor is Judah studies, and as a woman, I was especially interested to condemned for lying with her. However, it is note- read what Ms. Meyers had to say. Unfortunately, I was worthy that he sends payment to the supposed prostitute deeply disappointed from the very beginning. The title by the hand of another and, when it is difficult to find itself struck me as a misnomer. I immediately recalled her, suggests that he will forget the whole thing rather H. W. F. Saggs' (1962: 56-59) discussion of the than be considered a laughingstock. This hardly development of kingship in early Mesopotamia: suggests that the institution was a real option for ordinary women. . . . in earliest Sumerians ociety ultimates overeignty It is also worth noting that in the story of Dinah in residedi n a generala ssemblyo f all citizens-probably Genesis 34, no particular attention is paid to the fact including women as well as men-who came to- that the young woman was taken by force. When Jacob gether to decide upon action when some emergency reprimanded Simeon and Levi for destroying the city of threatened. . .. In the event of attack from outside the Shechem, they replied, "Should our sister be treated like assemblyh ad to choose a war-leadero r king (Sumerian a whore?" (V 31). Lugal, meaning literally "great man" or "great There can be little doubt that prostitution was householder"). . . The office of . . . Lugal was not found in ancient Israel, both before and after the period originally hereditary or permanent, . .. being granted of the Judges, as it has been in every society of which we only for the durationo f the emergency .... The Lugal, once appointed, would attempt to perpetuate the know, both before and since. To suggest that it was a respectable option in the early period of Israelite history pNoosniteio tnh e. l e. s.s tehvee nL uagftaelr. .t. hwe aesm beyr gneon mcye awnassa nov aebrs .o..l ute which was only later changed by a new morality is not ruler.... It was not until Gilgameshh adc alledt ogether borne out by the biblical text. a general assembly of all male citizens (females no longerp articipateda) nd obtainedt heirc onsent,t hat he HENRY BAMBERGER, RABBI Birmingham, Alabama was able to proceedw ith the measuresh e had planned. There is an obvious connection here between the war- Response heroes' accumulation of authority, respect, and power, While there is an understandable concern for the stan- and the decreasing role of women in the governmental dards of the Mosaic community to be seen as operant decision-making process. Female deities still were already in the patriarchal period, it is apparent that the worshipped, women still served fertility goddesses in 6 WINTER 1979 temple ritual, and no patriarchal deity existed to The roots of restriction for some groups of women relegate them to an unappreciated domestic role-and in the modern world do not lie in the biblical past. The all this a millennium before the early Israelite roots of restriction lie in the fact that overpopulation experience, in which Ms. Meyers asserts that "one of the has caused a decrease in the childbearing years and in major-if not the major-transitions occurred in the the political reality that state-run institutions have taken history of the position and role of women in the world." over many of the traditional functions of women, As human society became more and more oriented technological advances have eliminated others, and the toward military concerns-which naturally exclude high rate of unemployment has made this an in- women, who must stay home from wars and bear and opportune period for women with time on their hands to rear children-women were gradually excluded from suddenly enter the job market. decision-making processes (except, presumably, in the As a woman, I believe that it is crucial for us to domestic area). As a matter of fact, the exceptions to understand the roots of restriction for women. We this rule are found precisely in the early Israelite cannot overcome restriction unless its causes are clearly experience, in figures such as Miriam and Deborah! understood. As a student of biblical studies, I am Ms. Meyers discusses at length her thesis that the convinced that we must not be sidetracked by placing worship of the Great Mother Goddess reflects the the blame for the present reality on biblical ideology. primacy of the female role in early societies. But we must go one step further and ask which social role is BELINDA KHALAYLY reflected in the worship of a mother goddess. The death Ann Arbor, Michigan of the mother goddess and the decreasing emphasis in Response the cult on womens' reproductive functions cannot be Without doubt the elimination of women from political viewed as a cause of repression. On the contrary, with authority, though the documentation of that is somewhat Moses women gained-to name but one example- shaky, was a monumental turning-point for the status of inheritance rights (and these were later reaffirmed by women. Yet public roles albeit circumscribed still Muhammad, founder of another "patriarchal"r eligion). remained to them. Thus, the removal of women from "Restriction" for women is not rooted in the loss of regularized service in the religious-cultic sphere, the importance of some "feminine social role" but is rooted priesthood, must also be seen as a major turning-point, rather in the very conception of "feminine" and psychologically and socially. We must not confuse "masculine" social roles. restriction with repression. The domestic role indeed was In fact, women have not been repressed for 3000 elevated, as its importance in nascent Israel demanded, years, as Ms. Meyers states. The role of women in and was hardly repressive. However, with the removal of Israelite society (and in many socio-economic groups of opportunity for regular participation in society outside most societies throughout history) is recognized to be the home, the way was paved for an understanding of crucial to society. Let us look at Proverbs 31: "A good that domestic role as the only possibility for women. wife who can find? She is more precious than jewels. The That is where the repression ultimately enters for heart of her husband trusts in her, and he will have no societies which for a variety of reasons do not need to lack of gain" (RSV 31:10-11). What is this woman's focus female energy entirely on population replacement precious role in society? She must weave wool and flax or expansion. and rise before dawn to start preparing food for her household and chores for her maids. She apparently is CAROLL . MEYERS in charge of buying small plots of land, planting Duke University vineyards, and tending the fruit. She also must make clothes for her household, and extra for sale if possible, not to mention the minute-to-minute tasks such as making sure the lamps are kept burning. This busy woman also would find time to help the poor and needy. She would raise her children, teach her daughters, and As an editor, I would like to say a special word participate in the rearing of her grandchildren and the about The Biblical Archeologist, which has undergone maintenance of an ever larger household. All these were something like a resurrection. Not only is the format functions which were crucial to the stability and attractive and inviting, but the material itself is much maintenance of society, and it is hard to imagine how more accessible and useful to the general reader, and in women would have much time to be involved in- the circles in which I move, that is of no small anything outside this "domestic" sphere. This precious importance. I hope that it will have the renewed life and social function is the reality of many women in many growth it deserves because of the labors you have cultures throughout the world. The death of the mother expended upon it. goddess allows this function to be viewed as an JAMES L. MAYS important social one, rather than as a biological, fertility Editor, Interpretation one. BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGIST 7 court" (not "inner"). Inquiry 4. On page 119, column 2, a question mark was omitted In the March issue, "A New Discovery of Old in "Wicked Priest (Jonathan?)," thus giving the Manuscripts" etc., pages 29-31, reference is made by impression that Milgrom sides with Vermes against Mr. Agourides as follows: "they are certain they have Cross in the indentification of the Wicked Priest. among the findings the autograph of St. John of the Ladder." Who was "St. John of the Ladder"? I cannot find any trace or knowledge of him anywhere. ALBERT BETTELHEIM Alameda, California BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY Response and the The reason you were confused by Professor Charlesworth's letter was doubtless his meticulous- AMERICAN SCHOOLS OF ness in translating the name of the saint. Saint John of the Ladder is usually called in English St. John ORIENTAL RESEARCH Climacus or St. John Climax; the Greek word klimax means ladder, among other things. St. John was born announce a new after 575 and died around 670. He was a Byzantine theologian who lived for a while in Egypt and later for 40 years on Sinai, ending up as abbot of Santa Katharina monastery. Charlesworth astutely notes that JOINT PROGRAM in it was a monk who was excited about the finds, because St. John is important in the history of the monastery. ARCHAEOLOGfor Y He is called after his major work the Klimax Paradeison (Latin: Scala Paradisi; English: The Ladder into UNDERGRADUATE Paradise), which is a treatise on the ascetic life, crucial in the history of Byzantine spirituality; there are texts in Syriac, Georgian, Latin, and Arabic. His other, less STUDENTS important book is called Liber ad pastorem and consists of advice to heads of monasteries. You will have noticed that St. John was an exact contemporary of and he lived virtually within a stone's throw of the Prophet Muhammed. SpringS emester, 1979-80a t the Jacob Hiatt Institute Corrigenda Four errors in Jacob Milgrom's article "The Temple Jerusalem,I srael Scroll," which was printed in the September 1978 BA (41.3), were brought to our attention by Professor Milgrom. They should be noted as follows: offering 16 semester hours of 1. Page 105, column 2 is garbled due to haplography. It BrandeisU niversityc redit should read: The 300-page first volume is an introduction describing APPLICATION DEADLINE: OCT. 15 the acquisition, workmanship, language, and contents of the Scroll; a final chapter deals with the dating of the Scroll and its place in history. The second volume For further information, write: consists of the text and a running commentary which concerns itself with the problems of decipherment, Office of International Programs sources, and vocabulary; it also contains brief BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY interpretations, with references to fuller discussion in the first volume. Waltham, Massachusetts 02154 2. On page 107, "(see No. 6, fig. 1 on p. 109)" should (617) 647-2422 follow the words "the sacrificial altar" to indicate the location in the diagram. 3. On page 110, the caption of fig. 2 should read "outer 8 WINTER 1979