THE BELLS OF SAN LORENZO DE MARTIR DESK GUIDE TO TRUTH A Living Essay of the Bells of Balangiga Bells of Opportunity and Hope by Dan McKinnon 1 Actorum Memores Simui Affectamus Agenda Let deeds of our past serve as guides to our future. 2 THE BELLS OF BALANGIGA, AN ESSAY THE ESSAY IS ABOUT TWO CHURCH BELLS ON AN AIR FORCE BASE IN WYOMING THAT WERE BROUGHT THERE IN 1904 ABSENT LEGAL OR MORAL AUTHORITY; FROM A PHILIPPINE CATHOLIC CHURCH BELFRY DESTROYED NOT BY WAR BUT BY RETALIATION; WHO REST IN CONTRAST TO THE TREATMENT THE UNITED STATES ACCORDS FORMER ENEMIES AND THE RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL PROPERTY OF OTHER NATIONS; AND WHOSE RETURN TO THEIR CHURCH WOULD MEET THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF AMERICAN MILITARY ETHOS AND HONOR. THE BELLS OF BALANGIGA Reflection and Introspection A Living Essay by Dan McKinnon “Tell me a fact, and I’ll learn. Tell me a truth, and I’ll believe. But tell me a story, and it will live in my heart forever.” Foreword In 1998 retired U. S. Air Force Colonel Gerald M. Adams published a booklet, “The Bells of Balangiga”. It was printed in Cheyenne, Wyoming and described the history of two bells taken from the ruble of a burned church belfry in the Philippines and brought to Fort D. A. Russell in 1904. Today they reside on F. E. Warren Air Force Base in a brick wall structure on Trophy Park, a grassy triangle near historic officers’ quarters. Gerry Adams enjoyed local history, wrote first about the bells for the Annals of Wyoming in 1987, and authored other historical articles. Colonel Adams is no longer with us. I wish he was. I too love history. I dedicate this essay to him and all the others who cared for, or care about, the Bells of Balangiga…. most especially Ms. E. Jean Wall. (Published as a “living essay” and circulated in Wyoming in 2015 and updated in 2016, 2017 and 2018. It is now a “Desk Guide” helping pilot the anticipation of those that pray the Bells will once again ring in their Church. This is a story without bad guys. It could end with a story about better guys. 3 Two “campanas colgante”, church bells from the Church of San Lorenzo de Martir in a brick wall enclosure erected for their protection by the USAF in 1967. With ownership asserted by the “Roman Catholic Church of the Parish of Balangiga”, and with the bells part of the cultural heritage of the Philippines and baptized and considered parishioners by their church, the “Bells of Balangiga” have become a subject of rancor and misunderstanding between friends. How I Got Interested This story and interest in the bells begins in 2010 when a friend, retired U. S. Navy Captain Dennis Wright, contacted me about an abandoned American military cemetery in the Philippines. After leaving the Navy Dennis spent several years in the Middle East working for firms supporting the U.S. Gulf War effort. From that experience and with other veterans he formed an engineering development company that won a large construction contract at the site of the former Clark U.S. Air Force (USAF) Base in the Philippines. Clark had been the largest USAF installation outside the U.S., famous to many veterans from World War Two when it was bombed along with Pearl Harbor and Wake Island, and equally renowned throughout the Korean, Vietnam and early Gulf wars. The USAF commenced moving its units out of the country just before nearby volcano Mount Pinatubo exploded on June 15, 1991. As a result of the eruption and coincidental arrival of typhoon Yunya or Diding, what was left of the base was turned over to the Philippine Air Force in November. At the same time, the Philippine Senate failed to ratify the new Military Bases Agreement which would had extended the Navy presence in Subic Bay for another decade. For reasons lost in history, the USAF military cemetery at Clark was forgotten and abandoned. Three years later the local VFW Post embarrassed by the deterioration commenced to cut the grass, maintain headstones, remove ash and lobby agencies of our government to assume responsibility for this abandoned American military cemetery. The VFW even arranged new burials for 4 American veterans seeking interment in Asia. The Veterans Administration (VA) provided headstones. Veterans wrote letters, especially asking for help from the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) who cared for the beautiful Manila American Cemetery to the south and the Cabanatuan American POW Camp monument north of Clark. All entreaties were rejected with replies indicating that it was felt not to be an American cemetery, that perhaps it was local, had Japanese, Chinese or others buried there. Few in the U. S. realized the cemetery’s historic and iconic character except our veterans living and working in the Philippines. Dennis walked among the head stones and saw American names. There were references to early wars as well as Gulf wars. He hired a retired Army officer to perform research. The outcome was remarkable. Retired Army Major Scott Slaten provided Dennis proof that indeed it was an American military cemetery whose records had been lost. There were over 8,600 veterans and family members interred, including many who had died at the USAF base hospital. There were Americans who served from the Civil War to the Gulf Wars. He called and asked my help. We began a campaign. Dennis established a web site and the Clark Veterans Cemetery Restoration Association, signed up individuals and organizations as allies and champions, rounded up friends and supporters, established a board of directors that had both U. S. and Philippine leaders who understood our joint military legacy and history. He rebuilt the perimeter fence and created a Memorial Plaza. In Washington DC I met with USAF, VA and ABMC staff. Most felt they lacked authority or mission. The reaction of ABMC was particularly perplexing. Dennis made a personal presentation to the Commissioners. The case was made that American military burial overseas was their responsibility, they were the professionals, and the Clark veteran’s cemetery was located between two other ABMC sites resulting in minimal cost. At a Congressional House hearing the ABMC Secretary, former Georgia Senator Max Cleland and a renowned Vietnam War veteran, testified against assuming responsibility. I testified for it. Dennis made a presentation to VA leadership enlisting their support. I wrote a resolution for the American Legion which was approved at our national convention within weeks after putting pencil to paper. The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) followed. The Air Force Sergeants Association piled on. Every major veterans group joined us including the Military Coalition and its 43 members and the National Military and Veterans Alliance with its 36 members. Success came finally when Republican Senator Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire took the lead and with Democratic Senator Mark Begich of Alaska introduced bi-partisan legislation to direct ABMC to maintain the Clark American Cemetery. We lobbied hard in 2012. I walked the halls of the Senate with a 10-year-old boy from Indiana who had written a school paper about Clark and the importance of honoring veterans. He pitched the Chair of the Senate Veterans Committee and pigeon-holed John McCain in a hallway. “The Dignified Burial and Other Veterans Improvement Act of 2012" passed both houses of Congress unanimously and was the last bill out the door in 2012 in an otherwise contentious legislative year. It was the first bill signed by the President in 2013. 5 Today the American Battle Monuments Commission and its professional and caring staff are ensuring those interred in the Clark American Cemetery receive the honor and dignified burial they deserve. But what does that have to do with the Bells of Balangiga? Philippine Scout re-enactors at the Clark American Cemetery on Memorial Day in a ceremony to honor over 8,600 American veterans and families including many USAF family children. The first U.S. Army Congressional Medal of Honor in World War II was to a Philippine Scout. Honoring Those that Died in the Philippine American War Located in the Clark American Cemetery is a Vermont marble monument erected and dedicated in 1908 to the unknown dead from the Spanish and Philippines American Wars. It had been moved to Clark in 1948 from the former U.S. Army’s Fort McKinley cemetery in Manila, now the home of the ABMC cemetery for the fallen of World War Two. In researching this monument, we discovered that although there are a number of monuments throughout the United States to the Spanish American War (SAW), this might be the only one exclusively for those who died in the Philippines. Then we learned there might be a monument on a U.S. Air Force missile base concerning those that died in the “Massacre of Balangiga”. It was in a small park adjacent to officers’ quarters at F. E. Warren Air Force Base, home of the 20th Air Force of the Air Force Global Strike Command. Thus begun a journey of discovery and study. What we discovered was an amazing story. How in 1901 during the Philippine Insurrection Company C of the U.S. Ninth Infantry Regiment, having just returned from China and posted to the small Philippine town of Balangiga on the island of Samar, was attacked one morning by native bolomen and the unit almost wiped out. How subsequent efforts to pacify the island of Samar resulted in it becoming called “Bloody Samar”. 6 How church bells removed from the ruble of a belfry were taken in 1904 to Fort D. A. Russell, a formerly cavalry, infantry, and artillery post near Cheyenne, Wyoming. How the two bells remained there and in 1967 were placed in a small brick enclosure with a plaque concerning “The Massacre of Balangiga”. How it was disappointing to discover that what we had found was not a monument or war memorial but a trophy-stand in a trophy park. How the battle at Balangiga has been studied for decades for its lessons in guerilla and “hearts and minds” warfare. How almost 25 years ago efforts to return the bells to the Philippines resulted in numerous newspaper articles and often acrimonious letters that debated their return. How three times there was legislation tucked into the annual National Defense Authorization Act to keep the Bells. The monument that started our quest. It is a monument to the unknowns and joins a plaque in Sackets Harbor, New York, as the only known memorials of the Philippine American War. It now rests at Clark American Cemetery having been moved to Clark (formerly Fort Stotsenberg) in 1948 from the Fort McKinley cemetery in Manila, a history in which my uncle played a part. This essay is written to bring together new and old facts, try to sort out the truth, and weave it all together to tell a story about two bells. It has been called “definitive” by the American and Philippine scholars most knowledgeable on the events of Balangiga, Professor Delmendo of St John Fisher College in New York and Professor Borrinaga of the University of the Philippines. There are many books and much material on the “Massacre of Balangiga”. There is less written about the Bells. Some publications are in conflict and there have been many judgments. I will be making a few judgments as well, but trust they will be rational and considered. I am writing a 7 “living essay” because as new facts are discovered they will be added. This paper is not a rewrite of history. I will try to update history. Nor is this essay part of any “revisionist” movement or a journey into “political correctness”. Growing up in the Great Depression and as a child of World War II, I understand how some like to paint over unpleasant history instead of learning from it. At the end is a list of material counted on as guides, “Sources and Methods”. What was once called the “Splendid Little War” at the end of the 19th century has been tossed into the dust bin of military history as the “War to End All Wars”, World War Two and the Cold War dominated the 20th century. Now Middle Eastern wars and the War on Terror are writing military history. This story is about an important moment in a distant past. It is also contemporary history about veterans. As a veteran I understand, “Those who serve our nation in times of war determine our history. Those who come home from war determine our future”. The Spanish American War and the Philippines The history of the Philippines is remarkably intertwined with the United States. It was for half a century our colony. Its school system and government are in our model. Along with Canada and Great Britain it is arguably our nation’s closest ally of the past century. Because of our joint history, it is the third largest English speaking nation in the world. Over 300,000 Americans live in the Philippines and almost four million former Filipinos live in America. It is our friend and face to Asia. Of course President McKinley could not foretell the future when the war with Spain ended at the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. For $20 million we became a late and unskilled colonial power with sovereignty over 7,000 islands on the other side of the world, an act that ultimately brought us to the Bells of Balangiga. Stationed in both Italy and Philippines was an education when comparing histories. Both Christian nations have a 19th century origin from other cultures, languages and lineages of over thousands of years. Both have people who are gracious, family oriented, and do not like to say no to a stranger. This stone face mask is from an over 2,000-year-old Philippine burial. Writer’s collection. 8 The story of the Spanish American War has been told. How it was intended to help the Cuban peoples “War of Independence” against a European power that considered the island a province and not a colony. By others it was the elimination of the last European nation tinkering in the New World. How the United States sent the Battleship Maine to the Havana Harbor to ensure the safety of Americans during an uprising. How on February, 15, 1898 the Maine sank following a massive explosion with 266 of its men killed and a Spanish torpedo blamed. How a rallying cry “Remember the Maine” and an American press comparing the events in Cuba to our American revolution coupled to the phenomena of “yellow journalism” helped pave a road to war. How our blockade of Cuba led Spain to declare war on April 21, 1898. Our Congress followed two days later historically marking one of only five times that Congress has used its constitutional “War Powers”. How Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt stepped down and became Teddy Roosevelt of the “Rough Riders”, achieved fame and later became President. How Commodore Dewey on the other side of the world defeated the Spanish fleet in the “Battle of Manila” and became my Navy’s first “Admiral of the Navy”. The war with Spain lasted only from April 21 to December 10, 1898. Regretfully, what Ambassador to the Court of St. James and later Secretary of State John Hay called the “splendid little war” did not really end, but extended in ways never intended. It lasted unofficially up to World War One, moving away from freeing Cuba to ultimately creating a new nation, “In Our Image”. At the time that follow-on fight was called the “Philippine Insurrection”. Today it is officially known as the “Philippine American War”. The story of the Philippine American War (PAW) is one more complex than the Spanish American War (SAW). Its origin can be found following the Civil War in how America took California and the South West from Mexico; purchased Alaska from Russia; closed the western frontier with the end of the Indian Wars in 1890; annexed the Hawaiian Islands; and looked across the Pacific Ocean to 7,000 islands held by a European power, our country becoming one of several nations trying to gain influence with the markets of China and the resources of Asia. The Netherlands held sway over the “Dutch East Indies”; the British’s Empire held India, Hong Kong and the “Straits Settlements” of Malaysia and Singapore; Portugal had colonies; German and French ships were ever present; several nations were vying to gain trade access to China (read about the Boxer Rebellion); and Japan was rapidly becoming a power following the “Meiji Restoration”. Japan’s resource starved nation’s view of East Asia ultimately became apparent to the world just three decades later when it set about achieving hegemony over its “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”. For us veterans of a certain age, that means World War Two. Upon declaration of war with Spain the regular U.S. Army had about 28,000 men in arms. To fight Spain required the mobilization of state militias (today’s national guards) and what became thousands of patriotic volunteers. In the years before the sinking of the Maine, the country had slowly sought a war footing because of Cuba. A U.S. Navy advocate since his youth, Assistant Secretary of the Navy and then Acting Navy Secretary Theodore Roosevelt, ordered the North Atlantic Squadron to Key West and the Asiatic Squadron to Hong Kong. The Atlantic ships would be able to move swiftly to blockade Cuba and Dewey sail when ordered from Hong Kong to the Philippine Islands. Following the April 23, 1898 United States declaration of war, the U.S. Navy was well poised to take on Spain. 9 Dewey’s ships in a line defeated the Spanish Fleeet without a single American sailor killed. Dewey was immediately ordered to sail to the Philippines and engage the ships of the new enemy. The first battle of the war then became Dewey’s attack of the Spanish fleet off Cavite in the massive Bay of Manila. Slipping into the harbor at night, his ships on the first of May defeated the Spanish fleet sinking eleven ships without losing one of his men killed in action. Fighting the Spanish Army took longer. Troops had to be marshaled, volunteers recruited and trained, transports assembled, and units moved across the Pacific Ocean. In the Caribbean, fighting against the forces of Spain in Cuba and Puerto Rico was over by Christmas. In the Philippines, it was just beginning. The War in the Philippines The 7,000 islands of the Philippines archipelago had “belonged” to Spain since “discovered” by Magellan in 1521. Filipinos playfully say they discovered Spain and Portugal and killed their first tourist. For over three hundred years Spain ruled with varying degrees of success. In the islands to the south were the Moros whose heritage and history were Muslim. Long before the Spanish and their Catholic missionaries, Arab traders and Islamic missionaries or “panditas” brought Islam to the region. Fighting sometimes occurs even today by Islamic separatist groups and ISIS as it tries to gain an Asian stronghold. To the north was the large island of Luzon, rich in resources with two magnificent harbors attractive to a sea going power like Spain as well as other nations. Subic Bay was small but deep and excellent for ships work and use as a coaling station. Following World War Two and until 1992 it was the U.S. Navy’s largest overseas base. From 1980 to 1982 I was Commanding Officer of its Naval Supply Depot, the Navy’s largest logistics command outside the United States. Manila Bay, on the other hand was vast and at the end of the 19th century already a place of significant Asian commerce. U. S. Navy men and women nurses stationed at Naval Station, Sangley Point in the 20th century may recall its history; at Cavite a shipyard, Spanish forts, hospital, graveyard, and famous Spanish arsenal. In the era of Asian trading the Spanish made Chinese merchants or “xiang-li” conduct business at the point of land ultimately called 10