Project Gutenberg's The Battle of April 19, 1775, by Frank Warren Coburn This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Battle of April 19, 1775 in Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville and Charlestown, Massachusetts Author: Frank Warren Coburn Release Date: August 20, 2015 [EBook #49742] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE OF APRIL 19, 1775 *** Produced by Richard Hulse, John Campbell, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE All changes in the Errata, found at the end of the narrative and before the main Index, have been applied to the etext. Other obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources. More detail can be found at the end of the book. MAJOR JOHN PITCAIRN BY WHOSE ORDER THE OPENING VOLLEY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION WAS FIRED. SPECIAL LIMITED EDITION, WITH THE MUSTER ROLLS OF THE PARTICIPATING AMERICAN COMPANIES. Number of copies printed: This one No. THE BATTLE OF APRIL 19, 1775, IN LEXINGTON, CONCORD, LINCOLN, ARLINGTON, CAMBRIDGE, SOMERVILLE AND CHARLESTOWN, MASSACHUSETTS. BY FRANK WARREN COBURN. LEXINGTON, MASS., U. S. A., PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 1912. COPYRIGHT, 1912, FRANK WARREN COBURN. F. L. COBURN & CO., PRINTERS, BOSTON, MASS., U. S. A. DEDICATION. TO MY SON: CHARLES LYMAN COBURN, A NATIVE OF LEXINGTON. PREFACE. There have been many histories of the Battle of Lexington and of the Battle of Concord, some of them excellent to the extent of that part of the contest to which they were devoted. From time to time gifted orators have gone to the one town or to the other, and eloquently portrayed the heroic deeds of men within that town on the opening day of the American Revolution. No fault should be found with any of those, designed as a healthy stimulus to local pride, and to foster sentiments of national patriotism. But the student in American local history needs a more extensive view of the operations of that day. He needs to be better informed as to the various scenes of carnage that were waged along all of those nearly twenty miles of highway. Men were slain in Lexington, and in Concord; but there were many others slain in Lincoln, in Arlington, in Cambridge, and in Somerville. Nor should we forget the youngest martyr of the day, but fourteen years of age, who fell in Charlestown. For the purpose, then, of presenting to such as may be interested, I have assembled here the most comprehensive account that has ever been offered, and one that aims to be a history of the entire day. I have endeavored to make it not only complete and interesting, but just and reliable, recognizing fully the rights of my own ancestors to rebel, and also recognizing the rights of the mother country to prevent such rebellion—even by an appeal to arms. Since those days we have grown to be a mother country ourselves, and have had reason, on more than one occasion, to exercise that accepted right of parental control. This narrative is based upon official reports, sworn statements, diaries, letters, and narratives of participants and witnesses; upon accounts of local historians and national orators; and, in a few cases, upon tradition, if such seemed authentic and trustworthy. But I am sorry to say, that in more than one instance, I have found even the sworn statements at variance with each other. I am satisfied that the authors did not intend to mislead in any way, but simply tried to tell to others what appeared to them. Their mental excitement naturally added a little of that vivid coloring noticeable in most war narratives of a personal nature. My work has been to harmonize and simplify these, and to extract simply the truth. In 1775 the greater part of the present town of Arlington was a part of Cambridge, and known as the Menotomy Precinct. Later it was incorporated as a separate town and called West Cambridge. Later still its name was changed to Arlington. Somerville, in that year, was a part of Charlestown. What remained of Charlestown eventually became a part of Boston, though still retaining its ancient name. In writing of the events that happened within the boundaries of each, I shall speak of them as of Arlington, of Somerville, and of Charlestown. I am glad to add that the bitterness and hatred, so much in evidence on that long-ago battle day, no longer exist between the children of the great British Nation. Frank Warren Coburn. Lexington Mass., April 19, 1912. CONTENTS. Authorities XII In Parliament 1 The Provincial Congress 5 British Forces in Boston 13 [Pg v] [vi] [vii] [viii] [ix] The British Start for Lexington and Concord 19 The Messengers of Alarm 20 Flight of Hancock and Adams 30 Alarms in Other Places 32 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Advance Through Cambridge 47 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Advance Through Somerville 48 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Advance Through Cambridge 50 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Advance Through Arlington 51 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Advance Through Lexington 57 The Opening Battle on Lexington Common 58 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Advance Through Lincoln 72 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Advance Into Concord 73 Battle at North Bridge in Concord 78 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Retreat Through Concord 95 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Retreat Through Lincoln 99 Lieut.-Col. Smith's Retreat to Lexington Village 105 Earl Percy Marches to Reinforce Lieut.-Col. Smith 114 Percy's Retreat Through Arlington 130 Percy's Retreat Through Cambridge 145 Percy's Retreat Through Somerville 150 Percy's Arrival in Charlestown 154 American Killed, Wounded and Missing 157 British Killed, Wounded, Prisoners and Missing 159 Distances Marched by the British Soldiers 161 English Friends After the Battle 162 Index 165 ILLUSTRATIONS. Major John Pitcairn facing title Copied from a rare miniature in the possession of the Lexington Historical Society, and published in this work by their permission. The Doolittle Pictures. Plate I. The Battle of Lexington, April 19th, 1775 facing page 58 Plate II. A View of the Town of Concord, facing page 73 Plate III. The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord facing page 78 Plate IV. A View of the South Part of Lexington facing page 122 The Amos Doolittle Pictures of Lexington and Concord, copperplate engravings, size about 12 x 18 inches, and hand- colored, were originally published by James Lockwood in New Haven, December 13, 1775. The drawings were made by Mr. Earl, a portrait painter, and the engravings therefrom were by Amos Doolittle. Both were members of the Governor's Guard, and came on to Cambridge as volunteers under Benedict Arnold immediately after the battle of April 19th, and soon after commenced these early specimens of American art. The student of today prizes them, not for their artistic excellence, but for their faithfulness in depicting the scenery, buildings, and troops engaged. In the Book Buyer for January, 1898, is an illustrated article on Early American Copperplate Engraving, by William Loring Andrews. I am indebted to him, and to the publishers, Charles Scribners' Sons, for permission to copy the Doolittle set for this work. Hugh Earl Percy facing page 114 From a contemporary copperplate engraving published by John Fielding. London, 1785. General William Heath, facing page 154 [x] [xi] From a portrait in Harper's Magazine, October, 1883, and copied for publication in this work by permission of Harper & Brothers. MAPS. Boston and Vicinity in 1775-6, facing page 19 Copied from part of the map to illustrate the Siege of Boston in Marshall's Life of Washington, and dated 1806. I have made slight additions to indicate Smith's and Percy's movements. Lexington Common and Vicinity, page 59 Concord Village and Vicinity, page 79 Battle Road Through Concord and Lincoln page 100 Battle Road Through Arlington and Cambridge page 131 Battle Road Through Somerville and Charlestown page 151 AUTHORITIES. Individuals, Societies, and Historical Works of Value to Me in the Preparation of this Work. Adams, Josiah. Address at Acton, July 21, 1835. Adams, Josiah. Letter to Lemuel Shattuck, in Vindication of the Claims of Capt. Isaac Davis. Allen, Joseph and Lucy Clark Allen, Memorial of, by their Children. Almanack. George's Cambridge, or the Essex Calendar for 1776. Almanack. Nathaniel Low, 1775. Almanack. North American, 1775. By Samuel Stearns. Almanack. North American, 1776. By Samuel Stearns. Containing Rev. Wm. Gordon's Account of the Battle. Austin, James T. Life of Elbridge Gerry. Bacon, Edwin M. Historical Pilgrimages in New England. Bancroft, George. History of the United States. Barber, John Warner. Historical Collections of Massachusetts. Barber, John W. History and Antiquities of New Haven. Barrett, Capt. Amos. Concord and Lexington Battle, in Journal and Letters of Rev. Henry True. Barry, William. History of Framingham. Bartlett, George B. Concord Guide Book. Bartlett, S. R. Concord Fight. Bolton, Charles Knowles. Brookline, the History of a Favored Town. Bolton, Charles Knowles. Letters of Hugh Earl Percy. Bond, Henry, M.D. Genealogies of the Families of Watertown. Boston. Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Evacuation of, by the British Army. Booth, E. C. Article in Somerville Journal, April, 1875. Boutwell, George S. Oration at Acton, Oct. 29, 1851. British Officer in Boston in 1775, in Atlantic Monthly, April, 1877. Brooks, Charles, and James M. Usher. History of Medford. Brown, Abram English. Beneath Old Roof Trees. Brown, Abram English. History of Bedford. Brown, Charles, of East Lexington. Cambridge of 1776. Edited for the Ladies' Centennial Committee, by A. G. Clarke, Jonas. Pastor of the Church in Lexington. Opening of the War of the Revolution. Appended to a Sermon Preached by Him, April 19, 1776. Cleaveland, Colonel, of the Artillery. Historical Record of the 52nd Regiment. Concord Celebration of the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Incorporation, Sept. 12, 1885. Concord Fight, Souvenir of the 120th Anniversary of. Converse, Parker Lindall. Legends of Woburn. [xii] [xiii] Curtis, George William. Oration on the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Fight at Concord. Cutter, Ben. and William R. History of Arlington. Dana, Richard H. Oration on the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Battle of Lexington. Dawson, Henry B. Battles of the United States. De Bernicre's Report of the Battle. Depositions of Eye-witnesses and Participants. Drake, Francis S. The Town of Roxbury. Drake, Samuel Adams. Historic Fields and Mansions of Middlesex. Drake, Samuel Adams. History of Middlesex County. Drake, Samuel Adams. Old Landmarks and Historical Personages of Boston. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Historical Discourse, Concord, Sept. 12, 1835. Containing Diary of Rev. William Emerson (eye- witness), April 19, 1775. Everett, Edward. Oration at Concord, April 19, 1825. Everett, Edward. Address at Lexington, April 19 (20), 1835. Everett, Edward. Mount Vernon Papers. Farmer, John. Historical Memoir of Billerica. Frothingham, Richard. History of the Siege of Boston. Frothingham, Richard. Rise of the Republic of the United States. Gage. Gen. Thomas. Report of the Battle. Gettemy, Charles Ferris. True Story of Paul Revere's Ride, in the New England Magazine, April, 1902. Gordon, William, D.D. History of the United States. Goss, Elbridge Henry. Life of Col. Paul Revere. Graham, James. History of the United States. Great Britain, War Office of, for Gen. Gage's Report. Green, Samuel Abbott. Groton During the Revolution. Hale, Edward E., in Winsor's Memorial History of Boston. Hamlin, Rev. Cyrus. My Grandfather, Col. Francis Faulkner. Hanson, J. W. History of Danvers. Harper's Popular Cyclopaedia of U. S. History. Haven, Samuel F. Historical Address, Dedham, Sept. 21, 1836. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Mosses From an Old Manse. Hazen, Rev. Henry A. History of Billerica. Heath, Major-General. Memoirs of. Written by Himself. Historical Records of the British Army. The Fourth or King's Own Regiment of Foot. Holland, Henry W. William Dawes and His Ride with Paul Revere. Houghton, H. M. Plans Locating Graves of British Soldiers. Hudson, Alfred Sereno. History of Sudbury. Hudson, Charles. History of Lexington. Hudson, Charles. History of Marlborough. Hudson, Frederic. Concord Fight in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, May, 1875. Hunnewell, James F. A Century of Town Life. A History of Charlestown. Hurd, D. Hamilton. History of Essex County. Hurd, D. Hamilton. History of Middlesex County. Jewett, C. F. & Co. History of Worcester County. King, Daniel P. Eulogy at the Funeral of Gen. Gideon Foster. Lannon, John. Lexington. Lexington, Handbook of its Points of Interest, 1891. Lexington, Historical Monuments and Tablets. Lexington Historical Society, Alonzo E. Locke, President, and various officers and attendants. Lexington Historical Society, Proceedings of, Vol. I., II., III., IV. Contributions by Edward P. Bliss; Francis H. Brown, M.D.; G. W. Brown; Albert W. Bryant; Elizabeth Clarke; Elizabeth W. Harrington; Herbert G. Locke; James P. Munroe; Elizabeth W. Parker; G. W. Sampson; A. Bradford Smith; Geo. O. Smith; and Rev. Carlton A. Staples. Lexington, History of the Fight at, From the Best Authorities. Lexington, Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of the Battle of. Lewis, Alonzo. History of Lynn. [xiv] Lincoln, William. History of Worcester. Lincoln, Mass. Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of Its Incorporation, April 23, 1904. Local Loiterings and Visits in the Vicinity of Boston. By a Looker-on. Lossing, Benson J. History of the United States. McGlenen, Edward W., Boston. McKenzie, Rev. Alexander. Address at Dedication of Monument Over Cambridge Killed. Mansfield, Rev. Isaac, Chaplain of Gen. Thomas's Regiment. Thanksgiving Sermon in Camp at Roxbury, Nov. 23, 1775. Marshall, John. Life of George Washington. Massachusetts Archives, at State House, Boston. Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, Vols. II., IV., V., XVIII., and Vol. IV., Second Series. Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, May, 1876. Military Journals of Two Private Soldiers, 1758, 1775. Lemuel Lyons, Samuel Haws. Muzzey, A. B. History of the Battle of Lexington. Muzzey, A. B. Reminiscences and Memorials of the Men of the Revolution. Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King's Troops. Worcester, Printed by Isaiah Thomas, by Order of the Provincial Congress. New England Historic Genealogical Society. Osgood, Charles S. and H. M. Batchelder. Historical Sketch of Salem. Paige, Lucius R. History of Cambridge. Parker, Charles S. Town of Arlington, Past and Present. Parliamentary History of England. Published Under the Superintendence of T. C. Hansard, Vol. XVIII. Percy, Acting Brigadier-General, His Report of the Battle. Phinney, Elias. History of the Battle of Lexington. Provincial Congress of Massachusetts. Journals of Each. Rantoul, Robert, Jr. Oration at Concord, on the Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Events of April 19, 1775. Revere, Paul. His Account of the Ride to Lexington. Reprinted in the Life of Revere by Goss. Reynolds, Rev. Grindall. Concord Fight. Riply, Rev. Ezra. History of the Fight at Concord. Russell, Edward J., Dorchester. Samuels, E. A., and H. H. Kimball. Somerville, Past and Present. Sawtelle, Ithamar B. History of Townsend. Scull, G. D. Memoir and Letters of Capt. W. Glanville Evelyn, of the 4th Regiment (King's Own). Sewall, Samuel. History of Woburn. Shattuck, Lemuel. History of Concord, Bedford, Acton, Lincoln and Carlisle. Sidney, Margaret. Old Concord, Her Highways and Byways. Simonds, Eli. Article Containing his Statement about the Battle of Lexington, Boston Globe, July 17, 1895. Smith, Samuel A. West Cambridge on the Nineteenth of April, 1775. An Address. Smith, S. F., D.D. History of Newton. Somerville, Handbook of the Historic Festival, 1898. Staples, Rev. Carlton A. Stearns, Jonathan F., D.D. Historical Discourse, Bedford Sesqui-Centennial, Aug. 27, 1879. Stedman, C. History of the Origin, Progress and Termination of the American War. Stephens, Alexander. Memoirs of John Horne Tooke. Stone, Edwin M. History of Beverly. Sumner, William H. History of East Boston. Swan, Charles W. MSS. of Levi Harrington. Account of the Battle, given by him to his son, Bowen, March, 1846. (Eye- witness on Lexington Common, and then about fifteen years of age.) Tenney, Wallace Fay. Tolman, George. Concord Minute Man. Thornton, John Wingate. Pulpit of the American Revolution. United States Geological Survey, Maps of. Watson, John Lee. Paul Revere's Signal. The True Story of the Signal Lanterns. Webber, C. H. and W. S. Nevins. Old Naumkeag. Historical Sketch of Salem. Wellington, Caroline, Charles A., Cornelius, and Eliza. Wheildon, W. W. Chapter in the History of the Concord Fight. Boston Sunday Herald, April 19, 1885. [xv] [xvi] Winsor, Justin. Memorial History of Boston. Worthington, Erastus. History of Dedham. Wyman, Thomas B. Genealogies and Estates of Charlestown. THE BATTLE OF APRIL 19, 1775. IN PARLIAMENT. The Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, terminated the prolonged struggle between England and France, for supremacy in the New World. For seven long years it had lasted, and its cost had been treasure and blood. Justly proud were the British Colonies of the martial success of their mother country, a goodly part of which they had valorously won themselves. During the war, and at its close, England had been generous in remitting to the Colonial Treasuries large sums in partial liquidation of the war expenses advanced by them; but subsequently it was esteemed wise, by a majority of her statesmen, to gradually replace such sums in the royal coffers, by a system of colonial taxation very similar to modern methods of raising war revenues. In the abstract this fact was not particularly disagreeable to the colonists, for the necessity was admitted, but the arbitrary method of levying those taxes was bitterly contested. England's Parliament claimed the right to tax the distant Colonies even as it taxed the neighboring Boroughs, and as a commencement of its financial plan enacted a Stamp Act, so called, to take effect Nov. 1, 1765, similar in intent and working, to the modern revenue stamp of our Government. These stamps were to be purchased of the Crown's officers and affixed to certain articles of merchandise and in denominations according to a schedule of taxable value. The opposition to this Act was immediate, continuous, and bitter in the extreme, and the result was that it was repealed March 18, 1766. The next move on the part of the Mother Country was the passage of a Military Act which provided for the partial subsistence of armed troops on the Colonies. Violent opposition to this was also immediate and general, but without avail. In Boston one result was a conflict between the troops and the inhabitants on March 5, 1770, and now referred to as the Boston Massacre. In June, 1767, another Act was passed, taxing tea and other commodities, which was repealed April 12, 1770, on all articles except the tea. Large consignments were sent to America. Ships thus laden that arrived in New York were sent back with their full cargoes. At Charleston the tea was landed but remained unsold. At Boston, a party disguised as Indians threw it from the ship into the sea.[1] Parliament in consequence passed the Boston Port Bill, March 7, 1774, closing Boston as a commercial port, and removing the Custom House to Salem in another harbor a dozen miles or more northward up the coast. This Act went into effect June 1, 1774, and was immediately felt by all classes, for all commerce ceased. Boston merchants became poor, and Boston poor became beggars. The hand of relief, however, was extended, even from beyond the sea. The City of London in its corporate capacity subscribed £30,000[2]. In America the assistance was liberal and speedy. George Washington headed a subscription paper with £50[3]. These severe measures of Parliament, with their natural effect of ruin and starvation among the people of America, served to stimulate a feeling of insubordination, and hatred of the Mother Country, from which crystalized the First Continental Congress which assembled at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, soon followed by the First Provincial Congress of Massachusetts which met at Salem, Oct. 7, of the same year. On the question of Colonial Government Great Britain and her American colonies were not divided by the Atlantic Ocean, for on the American side the Crown had its ardent supporters, while on the other side friends of the American cause were almost as numerous as were the oppressors. We have seen how the great City of London contributed liberally to the Bostonians, shut off from the world by the Port Bill, and on the floor of Parliament many gifted orators espoused the American cause. With prophetic eloquence the Lord Mayor, Mr. Wilkes, exclaimed: "This I know, a successful resistance is a revolution, not a rebellion.... Who can tell, sir, whether in consequence of this day's violent and mad Address to his Majesty, the scabbard may not be thrown away by them as well as by us?... But I hope the just vengeance of the people will overtake the authors of these pernicious councils, and the loss of the first province of the empire be speedily followed by the loss of the heads of those ministers who advised these wicked and fatal measures."[4] Lord Chatham in his motion to withdraw the troops from Boston, said: "As an American I would recognize to England her supreme right of regulating commerce and navigation: as an Englishman by birth and principle I recognize to the Americans their supreme unalienable right in their property; a right in which they are justified in the defence of to the last extremity."[5] The Corporation of the City of London passed a vote of thanks to Chatham, and to those who supported him for having offered to the House of Lords a plan to conciliate the differences with America.[6] When Lord North's unfriendly proposition for conciliating America was introduced, it naturally found an advocate in the loyal and courtly Gen. Burgoyne—courtly but courageous; loyal ever to his King but not blind to the merits of the claims of the Colonists. While modestly pledging his loyalty to the Crown, he could not refrain from adding: [Pg 1] [2] [3] [4] "There is a charm in the very wanderings and dreams of liberty that disarms an Englishman's anger."[7] In the debate on the bill for restraining the Trade and Commerce of the English Colonies, Lord Camden asked:— "What are the 10,000 men you have just voted out to Boston? Merely to save General Gage from the disgrace and destruction of being sacked in his entrenchments. It is obvious, my Lords, that you cannot furnish armies or treasure, competent to the mighty purpose of subduing America.... It is impossible that this petty island can continue in dependence that mighty continent."[8] Continuing, he drew a picture of American union and American courage, that in the end would prevail. The Earl of Sandwich replied:— "Suppose the colonists do abound in men, what does that signify? They are raw, undisciplined, cowardly men. I wish instead of 40 or 50,000 of these brave fellows, they would produce in the field at least 200,000, the more the better, the easier would be the conquest; if they did not run away, they would starve themselves into compliance with our measures."[9] And the Bill was passed. One has but to read the stirring debates of that memorable year in Parliament, over the Petitions for Redress of Grievances from America; over the Petitions for Reconciliation from the Merchants of Bristol and of London; over the Resolutions offered by its own members; and over the addresses to them by their King;—to realize that the great question of American rights had almost as many, and surely as eloquent advocates, there as here. THE PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. As we have seen, the First Continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774. They met in Carpenter's Hall. The First Provincial Congress of Massachusetts met at Salem, Oct. 7, following. John Hancock was chosen President. In its first set of Resolutions it announced: "the necessity of its most vigorous and immediate exertions for preserving the freedom and constitution," of the Province. The Royal Governor, Gen. Thos. Gage, had issued his writs the first day of September, calling upon the inhabitants to return representatives to the Great and General Court to be convened at Salem on the fifth of October. In the meantime, becoming alarmed at the tumults and disorders—the extraordinary resolves passed by some of the Counties, the instructions given by Boston and some other towns to their representatives, and the general unhappy condition of the Province, he determined that the time was not auspicious for such a gathering, and accordingly issued a proclamation countermanding the call. However, ninety representatives met on that day, waited loyally for the Governor, and when he failed to appear, adjourned to the next day, Oct. 6, and met as a Convention, choosing John Hancock, Chairman. Not much in the way of business was accomplished on that day, and they adjourned again, until the next, Oct. 7th, when they met and declared themselves to be a Provincial Congress and chose John Hancock, Permanent Chairman. Thus the First Provincial Congress was, strictly speaking a self-constituted body, with not even the sanction of a popular vote. Yet they felt secure in a popular support. They could not pass laws, but they could resolve, advise and recommend, and such acts were generally heeded by a majority of their fellow citizens.[10] The military organization of the Province was equally without effective power, as they recognized no real commanding officer of higher rank than Colonel. It is true that the Congress had nominated three general officers, but their real powers to command were feeble. The minute men and militia were enrolled by thousands, but they were poorly equipped, without uniforms, and without discipline. They marched to Battle Road in company formation, but upon arrival or very soon after, manœuvred and fought as individuals simply. The Second Provincial Congress, more nearly an elective body than the First, realized their own lack of authority over the people and particularly over the military branch of their constituents. They wrote to the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, under date of May 16, 1775, stating that they were compelled to raise an army; of their triumph at having one consisting of their own countrymen; but they admitted a lack of civil power to provide for, and control it. And they asked for advice from the greater congress which represented all the Colonies as to the taking up and exercising of the necessary powers of a civil government.[11] Let us, then, as we go forward with this narrative, bear these facts in mind, that we may not in this very first day of a new nation's struggle for liberty expect too much from those who, indeed had the wisdom, had the strength, had the courage and the skill, but greatly lacked the first elements of a civil government or a military force—discipline and efficiency. The First Provincial Congress next met in Concord, Oct. 11, 1774. Hancock was chosen President, an office higher than Permanent Chairman. Several following days were devoted to public business. From there they addressed a communication to Gen. Gage, wherein they expressed the apprehensions excited in their minds by the rigorous execution of the Port Bill; by the alteration of the Charter; by the administration of justice in the Colony; by the number of troops in the capital [Boston]; and particularly by the formidable and hostile preparations on Boston Neck. And they asked, rather pointedly, "whether an inattentive and unconcerned acquiescence in such alarming, and menacing measures would not evidence a state of insanity?" They entreated him to reduce the fortress at the entrance to Boston, and concluded by assuring his Excellency that they had not the least intention of doing any harm to his Majesty's [5] [6] [7] [8] troops.[12] Four days later, Oct. 17, sitting at Cambridge, they received his reply. It was altogether lacking in satisfaction. He answered them as to the fortification on Boston Neck, that "unless annoyed," it would "annoy nobody." And the rest of his communication was equally unassuring. Oct. 19, a committee was appointed to inquire into the then present state and operations of the British Army;[13] and on Oct. 20, another committee to report on what was necessary to be done for the safety and defence of the Province.[14] Matters were crystallizing very fast, for on Oct. 24, a committee was appointed to consider and report on the most proper time for the Province to provide a stock of powder, ordnance and ordnance stores. That same afternoon, one of the members, Mr. Bliss, was ordered to wait upon the Committee to ascertain their reply. They quickly responded that their opinion was that "now" was the proper time to procure such a stock.[15] Another committee was at once appointed to take into consideration and determine the quantity and expense thereof.[16] On the afternoon of the following day, Oct. 25, the schedule was presented to the Congress and one of its items called for 1000 barrels of powder, and the proposed expense was £10,737. Items were added by the Congress to increase the amount to £20,837. It was likewise ordered "that all the matters which shall come under consideration before this Congress be kept secret."[17] Oct. 26, it was resolved that a Committee of Safety should be appointed, whose business it should be "most carefully and diligently to inspect and observe all and every such person and persons as shall at any time, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detriment or annoyance of this province." And they should have the power to alarm, muster and cause to be assembled with the utmost expedition and completely armed for the defence, such of the militia as they shall deem necessary for its defence.[18] And it was also resolved that as the security of the lives, liberties and properties of these inhabitants depend on their skill in the art military and in their being properly and effectively armed, it was therefore recommended that they immediately provide themselves therewith.[19] On Oct. 27, Congress appointed a Committee of Safety consisting of nine members, three from Boston and six from the country, John Hancock, Chairman, and also a Commissary, or Committee of Supplies, consisting of five members.[20] At a subsequent meeting on the same day, Jedidiah Preble was elected to be chief in command and Artemas Ward, second.[21] Oct. 27 a vote was passed recommending that the inhabitants perfect themselves in the military art.[22] On that same day a committee was appointed to wait upon his excellency the governor to express their surprise at his active warlike preparations, and to announce that their constituents would not expect them to be guided by his advice.[23] But before the conclusion of this session another resolution was passed to the effect that the lives and liberties of the inhabitants depended upon their knowledge and skill in the military art.[24] The First Provincial Congress was dissolved Dec. 10, 1774, every session of its deliberations having been devoted to the Civil Rights and Liberties of the People over which it had presided. The Second Provincial Congress was convened in Concord Feb. 1, 1775. One of its earliest acts, Feb. 9, was to appoint Hon. Jedidiah Preble, Hon. Artemas Ward, Col. Seth Pomeroy, Col. John Thomas and Col. William Heath, general officers.[25] The same day, in an address to the Inhabitants of the Massachusetts Bay they said, "Though we deprecate a rupture with the Mother State, yet we must urge you to every preparation for your necessary defence."[26] Nor were the Indians neglected in these strong appeals to the patriotism of the inhabitants of the Massachusetts Bay, for under date of April 1, 1775, an address was issued to Johoiakin Mothksin and the rest of the Indians of Stockbridge, expressing great pleasure that they were "willing to take up the hatchet," and announcing that Col. Paterson and Capt. Goodridge should present each that had enlisted a blanket and a ribbon. A committee was also appointed to address the chief of the Mohawks.[27] The Committee of Safety met for the first time at the house of Capt. Stedman, in Cambridge, Wednesday, Nov. 2, 1774, and organized, as we have stated, with John Hancock, Chairman. John Pigeon was chosen clerk. Their first vote after organization was a recommendation to the Committee of Supplies to procure as soon as may be, 335 barrels of pork, 700 barrels of flour, 20 tierces of rice, 300 bushels of peas, and that these be distributed in Worcester and Concord. On Nov. 8, following, in joint meeting with the Committee on Supplies, the latter was advised to procure all of the arms and ammunition possible from the neighboring provinces, and that they might with safety engage to pay for the same on arrival. At subsequent meetings various military stores were liberally provided. With a unanimous vote on Feb. 21, 1775, by both committees in joint session, it was decided that the Committee of Supplies should purchase all kinds of military stores sufficient for an army of 15,000 men.[28] It did not then seem to them as if a peaceful solution of the estrangement were longer possible. The last meeting of the Provincial Congress before the battle, was held in Concord, April 15, and when it adjourned it was until May 10. But considering "the great uncertainty of the present times," it was provided, however, that a call might issue for an earlier assembling. Only two days elapsed before apprehensions of immediate danger arose, which [9] [10] [11] [12] grew so intense, that Richard Devens on the 18th, issued a summons for immediate assembling at Concord. Although it was circulated with the greatest dispatch many of the members could not have learned of it before the marching of the British troops on that same night from Boston Common. The meeting was finally assembled on April 22, and quickly adjourned to Watertown, evidently to be in closer touch with the thrilling events that had so dramatically opened.[29] BRITISH FORCES IN BOSTON. General Thomas Gage, Commander of the British forces in America, and successor of Thomas Hutchinson as Governor of Massachusetts Bay, landed in Boston, May 13, 1774. Inspired by a hope that his administration might soften the feeling of resentment against the Mother Country, by annulling some of its causes, his reception on the 17th was dignified and cordial. He was greeted with cheers by the multitude, the firing of salutes in his honor, and a lavish banquet in Faneuil Hall.[30] A few weeks before he had assured his king that the Americans "will be lions while we are lambs; but if we take the resolute part they will prove very weak."[31] His military force then in Boston was less than 4,000 men,[32] and consisted of the Fourth or King's Own; Fifth; Tenth; Seventeenth: 3 Companies of the Eighteenth; Twenty-second; Twenty-third; Thirty-eighth; Forty-third; Forty- fourth; Forty-seventh; Fifty-second; Fifty-ninth; Sixty-third; Sixty-fourth; six or eight Companies of Artillery; and six or eight Companies of Marines, numbering 460, under Major Pitcairn.[33] Major Gen. Heath is the authority for the statement that the Provincial Congress appointed a committee to make inquiry into the state of operation of the British Army in Boston, and on the 20th of March, they reported that there were about 2,850 men distributed as follows: Boston Common, about 1,700; Fort Hill, 400; Boston Neck, 340; in Barracks at the Castle, about 330; King Street, 80; that they were erecting works at Boston Neck on both sides of the way, well constructed and well executed. The works were in forwardness and mounted with ten brass and two iron cannon. The old fortification at the entrance of the town was replaced and rendered much stronger by the addition of timber and earth to the parapet, and ten pieces of iron cannon were mounted on the old platform. A block house had been brought from Governor's Island and was being erected on the south side of the Neck.[34] But a short time was required to show that in every political question Gen. Gage was loyal to his king. Accordingly throughout the Province the press, the pulpit, the expression of opinion in public meetings, while professing loyalty to the king personally, were extremely bitter against his representative in command. Conventions were held in the various Counties of the Province, the earliest one being in Berkshire County, July 6, 1774, followed by the one in Worcester County, Aug. 9. Resolutions were passed at each, professing loyalty to the king, but remonstrating strongly against Parliament. It was left for the Middlesex County Convention, August 30, to pass resolutions that rang throughout the Province. While also professing loyalty to the King their final sentence was: "No danger shall affright, no difficulties intimidate us; and if in support of our rights we are called to encounter even death, we are yet undaunted, sensible that he can never die too soon, who lays down his life in support of the laws and liberty of his country." These resolutions were passed by a vote of 146 yeas against 4 nays.[35] Although the town of Boston itself was the headquarters of Gen. Gage, and his soldiers were parading in its streets, and encamping on its Common, the patriots had by no means deserted it. There were several secret societies who made it their business to watch for and report hostile movements and plans. These were the "North End Caucus;" the "South End Caucus;" the "Middle District Caucus;" and the "Long Room Club;" all of which owned allegiance to the "Sons of Liberty," a body which acted in the capacity of a higher council and which kept itself in close communication with similar organizations outside of this Province. Members of these various bodies paraded the streets nightly, that any sudden or unusual movement of the army might be at once reported. Paul Revere belonged to one or more of these, and was active in patriotic work. Nor was Gen. Gage idle in acquiring information about the Provincial Army being assembled, and the topographical features of the country around Boston. His troops were especially trained by marches, over the highways in the vicinity,[36] and his spies brought him maps and reports from the scenes of his possible future operations. The two that acted for him in this secret service were Capt. Brown of the 52nd regiment, and Ensign De Bernicre of the 10th regiment. They were disguised in "brown clothes" with "reddish handkerchiefs" tied about their necks, and were accompanied by a servant. All three were well armed. Gen. Gage's instructions to them, under date of Feb. 22, 1775, called for description of the roads, rivers, and hills; available places for encampments; whether or not the churches and church yards were advantageous spots to take post in and capable of being made defensible. They were also told that information would be useful in reference to the provisions, forage, etc., that could be obtained at the several places they should pass through. Their first trip was to Worcester, in the latter part of February, and their next one to Concord, for which place they set out on March 20, passing through Roxbury, Brookline, and Weston, where they stopped at the Jones Tavern. Then they proceeded through Sudbury, crossed over the South Bridge into Concord village, where they were entertained by a Mr. Bliss, a friend of the royal government. [13] [14] [15] [16] Wherever they went their mission was known in spite of their disguises. They succeeded, however, in bringing back to Gen. Gage a very tolerable description of the country, and so fulfilled their mission. In Concord, especially, they located many of the provincial military stores, information particularly useful to the invading force on April 19th. Having thus possessed himself of sufficient data, Gen. Gage then laid his plans for a midnight march to Lexington and Concord with the view, possibly, of capturing Hancock and Adams, who were known to be at the former place, and especially of destroying all the war-like supplies that had been gathered at Concord. April 15, the grenadiers and light infantry had been relieved from duty, with the excuse that they were to learn a new exercise. That night, about twelve o'clock, boats belonging to the transports which had been hauled up for repairs were launched and moored under the sterns of the men-o-war.[37] The Somerset was anchored near the Charlestown Ferry.[38] These movements awakened the suspicions of Dr. Warren, who lost no time in notifying Hancock and Adams, then at Lexington. On the afternoon of April 18th, he learned from several sources that the British were about to move. A gunsmith named Jasper, learned as much from a British sergeant and lost no time in informing Col. Waters of the Committee of Safety, who in turn gave the news to Warren.[39] John Ballard, connected with the stable in Milk Street, overheard some one in the Province House remark that there would "be hell to pay tomorrow;" a remark so full of significance that he reported it to a friend of liberty in Ann Street, thought to have been William Dawes, who in turn reported it to Paul Revere.[40] That night Gen. Gage despatched ten or more sergeants, partially disguised, along the highways in Cambridge and beyond, towards Concord. They were instructed to intercept any passers-by, and so prevent his intended movement from becoming known. A party of his officers dined at Wetherby's Tavern[41] in Menotomy (now Arlington), where also met that day the Committee of Safety and Committee of Supplies, some of whom, Mr. Gerry, Col. Orne and Col. Lee, remained to pass the night.[42] to view larger image click here BOSTON AND VICINITY, 1775-6. 1—x Lieut.-Col. Smith's starting place. 2—x His landing place in Cambridge. 3. 3. 3. Earl Percy's route from Boston to Cambridge. Top of the map is north. Solomon Brown of Lexington, a young man nineteen years old, was the first to report in that town the unusual occurrence of so many officers along the highways in the night, and it was surmised there that the capture of Hancock and Adams was intended. Brown was returning home from Boston when they passed him on the road. Somehow gaining the front again he rode rapidly into Lexington village and reported what he had seen. Sergeant Munroe and eight men were sent to guard the parsonage where the patriot statesmen were stopping, and Solomon Brown, Jonathan Loring, and Elijah Sanderson, all members of Captain Parker's Company of Minute Men, were despatched to watch the officers after they had passed through Lexington toward Concord. They followed them on horseback into Lincoln, about two and a half miles from Lexington village, where they were ambushed by the ones they were following, and taken prisoners. It was then about 10 o'clock in the evening of April 18th. They were detained until Revere was also captured at the same place a few hours later, early in the morning of the 19th. THE BRITISH START FOR LEXINGTON AND CONCORD. The grenadiers and light infantry under command of Lieut.-Col. Francis Smith, of the 10th Regiment, augmented by a detachment of Marines under Major John Pitcairn, assembled at the foot of Boston Common, on the evening of April 18th, and at about half-past ten o'clock embarked for Lechmere Point, or, as it was often called at that time, Phip's Farm, in East Cambridge. They numbered about eight hundred men.[43] The "Foot of the Common," was not far from the present corner of Boylston and Charles Streets, and just there was the shore line of the Back Bay, a large body of water opening out into the Charles River. Since then the Bay has been filled in and is now an attractive residential district bearing still its ancient aquatic name however. The transportation was by means of the row boats connected with the British men-of-war and transports, and was thus necessarily slow, and undoubtedly required several trips. It seems probable that their course was westerly a little way, along the present Boylston Street, then northerly along the present Arlington Street, into the Charles River and across to Lechmere Point, a distance of about a mile and a quarter. They landed in the marshes nearly opposite the Court House on Second Street, for East Cambridge also was much smaller then than now. The water was too shallow to allow the heavily loaded boats to reach dry land, so the troops waded knee deep to the shore. There they were halted in a "dirty road," as one of the British officers present termed it,[44] and detained still longer, that each might receive a day's rations and thirty-six rounds of ammunition. THE MESSENGERS OF ALARM. [17] [18] [19] [20]