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THE BASIC BAKUNIN WRITINGS 1869-1871 Translated and Edited by Robert M. Cutler GREAT BOOKS IN PHILOSOPHY THE BASIC BAKUNIN WRITINGS 1869-1871 Translated and Edited by Robert M. Cutler GREAT BOOKS IN PHILOSOPHY Prometheus Books c^ 59 John Glenn Drive Amherst, New York M228-2119 m Te^-u^- Frootispi^ Pbotograpb of MDchafl Afcxandrovich Bakunin by Val^Mro^kl -To the venerable brother. Patriarch Meuron of U Lode. His brother and friend, M. Bakouoine. ftbnaiy 1869." rhotogr^h courtesy of International Institute for Social History. Great Books in Philosophy Series (Social and Political Philosophy) To the memory of P. E. C. • Aristotle—The Politics and • Mikhail Bakunin—The Basic Bakunin: Writings, 1869-1871 for all those whos^ freedom does not depend Q Edmund Burke—Reflections on the Revoiution in France on others' lack thereof. • John Dewey—Freedcfm and Culture • John Dewey—Individualism Old and New Q John Dewey—^jbcralism and Social Action Published 1992 by Prometheus Books • G. W. F. Hegel—The Philosophy of History • G. W. F. Hegel—P/iilosop/iy of Ri^t The Basic Bakunin: Writings, 1869-1871. Copyright O 1985,1992 by Robert M. • Thomas Hobbes^The Leviathan Cutler. AH tights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored • Sidney Hook—Paraddxes of Freedom in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any fbrm or by any means, digital, elec Q Sidney Hook—Reason, Social Myths, and Democracy tronic, mechamcal, photocopying, recording, or othervrise, or conveyed via the • John Locke—The Second Treatise on Civil Government Internet or a Web site without prior written permission of the publisher, except • Niccolo Machiavelli—The Prince in die case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. • Karl Marx (with Friedrich Engels)—The Economic and P/iiIosop/iic Manuscripts of 1844 and The Communist Manifesto Inquiries should be addressed to Q Karl Marx (with Friedrich Engels)—The German Ideology, Prometheus Books including Theses on Feuerbach and Introduction to the 59 Johif Glenn Drive Critique of Political Economy Amherst, New York 14228-2119 Q Karl Marx—The Poverty of P/iilosop/iy VOICE: 716-691-0133, ext. 210 • John Stuart Mill—Considerations on Representative Government FAX: 716-691-0137 Q John Stuart Mill—On Liberty WWWPROMETHEUSBOOKS.COM • John Stuart Mill—On Sodai'sm i •; G John Stuart Mill—The Subjection of Women • Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat—The Spirit of Laws Library of Congr^s Cataloging-in-Publication Data • Friedrich Nietzsche—Thus Sf>afec Zarathustra • Thomas Paine—Common Sense Bakunin, Mikhail Alebandrovich, 1814-1876. • Thomas Paine—Rights of Man [Selections. English. 1992} • Plato—Laws The basic Bakunin : writings, 1&69-1871 / translated and edited by Q Plato—The Republic Robert M. Cuder. Q Jean-Jacques Rousseau—^mile p. cm. — (Great books in philosophy) Q Jean-Jacques Rousseau—The Social Contract Originally published: From out of the dustbin. Ann Arbor, Mich. : Ardis, • Mary Wollstonecraft—Vindication of the Rights of Men O 1985. • Mary Wollstonecraft—VinScation of the Rights of Women ISBN 13: 978-0-87975-745-8 ISBN 10: 0-87975-745-0 1. Anarchism. I. Series. HX914.7.B34A25 1992 335'.83—dc20 92-5386 CIP Printed in the United States of America on acid-fiee paper See the back of this volume for a complete list of titles in Prometheus's Great Books in Philosophy and Great Minds series. Contents Acknowledgments " \filestones in Bakunin's Life 11 Introduction Comment on Texts and Translation 30 Every revolt is a cry of innocence ) and an appeal to the essence of being. Part One. The Rise and Decline of the Bourgeoisie in Europe 37 —Albert Camus, The Rebet 1. Three Lectures to Swiss Members of the Internationa! 39 Part Two. Bourgeois Socialism and Revolutionary Socialism 67 2. The Hypnotizers 69 3. La Montagne and Mr. Coullery 82 Mr. Coullery's Verdict Part Three. The Program of Revolutionary Socialism 95 4. The Policy of the International 97 5. All-Round Education 111 6. Report of the Committee on the Question of Inheritance 126 7. Speeches at the Basle,Congress 131 On the Question of Landed Property On the Question of the Right of Inheritance Part Four. The Tactics of Revolutionary Socialism 135 8. The Organization of the International 137 9. Geneva's Double Strike 145 Organization and General Strike 10. On Cooperation 151 11. The International Working-Men's Movement 155 12. On Russia 157 13. A Few Words to My Young Brothers in Russia 160 Acknowledgments Part Five. Patriotism and Human Progress i67 14. Open Letters to Swiss Comrades of the International 169 15. Physiological or Natural Patriotism 180 A decade ago William Watson introduced me to Bakunin, and he and 16. The Agitation of the Socialist-Democratic Party Suzanne Berger supervised my Bachelor's thesis at the Massachusetts in Austria 1^2 Institute'of Technology, where I developed the interpretations presented in 17. Panslavism I9g the Introduction here. A Youthgrant from the National Endowment for the Humanities sustained-me during the summer of 1975, when the major Notes 201 work of the initial translations was completed. This was done at the Biographical Glossary 217 Pennsylvania State University; in space provided by the Slavic and Soviet Bibliography 225 Language and Area Center.1 a m indebted to the Center's Director, Vernon Index 243 Aspaturian, for his hospitality and support. Other colleagues at the Slavic Center, who never permitted me tb forget my interest in Bakunin. deserve more than I can give them. A graduate seminar in methdds of working with historical sources, taught by S. V. Utechin, is at the origin of the Comment on Texts and Translation. His generous counsel and enduring interest in this project provided a continuity through all its phases. The image of judicious scholarship to which 1 have tried to be faithful in this volume is no less sharp for his example. During 1979-80, in connection with other work, I was Albert Gallatin Fellow at the Graduate Institute for International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. The Institute, located only a few hours' train ride from where Bakunin wrote most of these texts, provided, through its expertise in the First International and its hospitality, the ideal environment for completing this project. Urs Luterbacher and his associates contributed signficantly to making that year especially productive. 1 wish to thank the staffs of the libraries whose services assisted my research: the Intemationaal Instituut voor Sodale Oescheidnis, Amsterdam; the Graduate Library of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, partic ularly the Joseph A. Labadie Collection and the Inter-Library Loan Office; the Bibliothbque publique et universitaire, Geneva; the,British Library, London; and the Bibliothfeque nationale, Paris. Marion Blakely, of the National Endowment for the Humanities, and Carl Proffer, of Ardis Publishers, generously refrained from insisting that different stages of the project be completed before the time was right. Jackie Allen, Monarch Cutler, Marianne' Enckell, Claudine Fuhrimann, Raymond Grew, Monica Irwin, Jaap Kloosterman, and Mikl6s Moln&r provided various kinds of encouragement and support. 1 thank also other persons too numerous to count, let alone mention, whd have expressed interest in this project. However, no one but myself can be responsible for how I have used the advice and resources available to me. Milestones in Bakunin*s Life 1814 May 18 Bom at Priûkhino» in Tver province, Russia. 1828-1833 Studies at kt. Petersburg Artillery School. 1833-1835 Serves in Minsk and Crodno as lieutenant in an artillery brigade. 1835 March Meets Stankevich during a visit to Moôw. , October Begins participating in Stankevich's study circle. December Resigns military commission. 1836-1840 Settles in Moscow, making frequent visits to Rriamukhino. From 1837 on, plunges into philosophical studies, especially Hegel. Knows Belinsky, Botkin, Granovsky, Kat- kov, and others in the Stankevich circle. 1839/40 Winter Becomes fri^jids with Herzen and Qgaryov. 1840 June 29 Leaves Ilussia to study>philosophy in Berlin. 1840-1842 Attends lectures by Schelling, Werder, and Ran- ke in Berlin. 1842 Optober ''Reaction Jn Germany** is published under the pseudonym Jules Elysard. 1843 'Moves to Zttrich and Berne. Associates with Weitling and Hrtibel. 1844 Februa^ Summon^, by Tsar to return to Russia. Leaves instead for Paris, stopping in Brussels en route. 1844 December 'Strapped of tioble title by Russian Senate. 184^1847 ' Remains in Pa|-is, in contact with representatives of French,: Polish, and European democracy. 1847 November 18 Speaks at a banquet commemorating the Polish insurrection-of 1830. December Expelled by French government. Lea>oss for Brussels, îs expulsion is contested in the French Parliament.' 1£^8 February Louis-Philippe overthrown; France proclaimed a Republic. Bakunin returns to Paris, pub lishes several letters in the press. Klarch Leaves Paris. Travels to Frankfurt, Mainz, Mann heim, Heidelberg. Tries unsuccessfully to reach Poland! Goes to Berlin, Leipzig, Bres- lau. 12 Milestones in Bakunin's Life Milestones in Bakunin's Life 13 June Attends . Slay ^^ngress in Prague, where he 1867 September Attends, in Geneva, First Congress of League.of speaks'and'presents papers. Participates in Peace and Freedom; entersîts Central Com the Whitsuntide insurrection there. mittee. June>December Travels to Breslau, .Berlin, Breslau again, and 1867/68 Winter-Spring In Vevey, Switzerland. Meets Utiti, Zhukovsky. Dresden. Finally finds freedom from political VJxiiisyFederalism, Socialism, and Anti- harassment in Kdthen. Theologism. ' ' December Appeal to the Siavs appears. 1868 July Joins the Geneva 8ection'.,of the International 1849 April Brochure x)'n "Russian Conditions**a ppears; arti Working-Men's Association. cles in Dresdner Zeitung. Autumn Attends, in Berne, Second Congress of the League May Participates in''the revolt in Dresden. Arrested of Peace and Freedom. Withdraws from the and incarcerated. League with associates and founds the Inter July Transferred to KOnigstein fortress. national Association of Socialist ^mocracy. 1850 January 14 Condemned' to death by Saxon tribunal. Moves tO'C^neva. June Sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Extra 1869 March-Sept. Collaboration with Nechaev and,Qgaryov on dited and delivereil to Austria. Imprisoned in Russian propaganda. Writes'articles for ' Prd^. L'igatiti and Le Progris. These activities are 1851 March 14 Transferred 'to OlmUtz fortress. kept separate front one another. May Tried in Prague and condemned to death. Sen- September Basle Congress of the International. Pakunin ten^ conimuted to life imprisonment. Extra delivers speeches there, succeeds in defeating dited and delivered to Russian authorities. recpmmendati'on ofthe General Council on Thrown into the Afexis ravelin of the Peter- the right of inheritance. and-Pauf fortress in St. Petersburg. October Moves to Lugano. 1854 March Transferred'to Schltlsselberg. 1870 June Breaks with Nechaev. 1857 February Imprisonment commtited to Siberian exile. September Participates iii Lyons insurtection. Seeks to es- 1858 October 5 Marries Antpnia Ks&verievna Kwiatlcowska. tabh'sh a frê federation of communes in 1859 Spring Iêav^'for frkutsk. France, on the ruins of the'Sepond Empire, 1861 June Escapes from Siberia. Regains Europe via the which fell in the Fr&ncd-Pnissian War. Amur Iftvfer, Yokohama, San Francisco, the Sept.-October Travels to Marseilles, Locarno. I%nama'Canal, and New York. 1871 Spring Travels in French Switzerland. December Arrives in England. Goes to London to the house May Gives *Three Lectures to Swiss Members of the of Herzen.^ ' International." 1862 Summer Writes brochures The People's Cause and To September London Conference of the International. Russian, Polish, andÂll Slav Friends. November Publishes 'The Organization of the Interna 1863 March Participates in expedition to Poland in support of tional." insurrection'there: the revolt is crushed and 1872 September Expend from the International by its Hague- the party docks instead in Sweden. Congress. , , April-October Sojoiirn in Sweden. 1873 August fettles in the villa Baronata, near.•Locarno, 1863/64 Winter p£isses to Italy via London, Paris. Brussels, Stvitzerland. « Genevk, Beroe. ' 1874 August Participatte'in attempted insurrection in 1864-1865 In Florence. Founds the Brotherhood. Bo]ogn{u . 1864 Sept-October Trip to Stockholm! Meets Marx in London on 1876 June Goes tO'Beme. * return trip. July 1 Die's in'BerhS hospital. 1865-1867 Sojourn in Naples. Founds the international July 3 Buried injBremgartqn cemeter^^.Berne, Swit^r- Brotherhood. laiid. Introduction Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin, the anarchist, was a political tfiinker, his reputation, based partly on his appetite for action and partly on unsympathetic historiography, obscures ^this. .Bakunin^ social milieu influenced |he manner, in which he expressed his ideas, because he tried always to tailor them to those to whom he spoke, promoting so far as possible the revolutiona^ consciousness and socialist instincts .pf his audience. That is still another reason, without even mentioning Bakunin's unyieklmg ^tidoctrinairism, why it has,been hard to delineate a Bakuninist ''doctrijie." ^ ^ The works included in this volume nevertheless jiave a certain pnity, because they airwere-intended-for the same audience. Tîe texts presented here date from tHe^ period of Bakunin's propaganda on behalf lof the International Working-Men's Association^ They thus belong to a phase of his activity which is central to his anarchism,,which is generally agreed tp be one of his most significant projects, an'd whicli'marks the^height o'f his influence during his'life.' Most of the items'first appeared in the Swiss newspapers L'£galit4 and Le Progrks in 1869.^ Isaiah Berlin, no'great partisan, of Bakuninis, has called him a **gifted. journalist,'^ and Am^ê Dunois consider&^theM articlesthe best Af Bakunin% written work&w^^ Only one of them, however, has ever before a|}peared uif&bridged in English. A reasoned examination of Bakunin*^ ideas is complicate,.too, by the fact that he did not leave an organiud body of written work:."^y life itself is a fragment,." he once replied when the disarray of his manuscripts was mentioned to him.^ By. making availabtev^n English an important and coherent set of Bakunin's writings, it is"hoped to contribute to a more careful reevaluation of his thought. Vv-v w There are any number of ways to approach an interpretation of Bakuiiin's ideas. One of the most fmitful, but leastfrequently^dopted, is to attempt toûnderstand their evolutiqn from his.pre-anarchist through his anarchist'period. A'dichotomy between a pre-anarchik **early.Bakunin** The Social Question. The equalization of individuate is not possible!!! and an anarchist ''late Bakunin," each distinct from and related only ,^demoQStated,by M. B[akumn] in his speech).** A caricature of the superficially to the other, is'as helpful ds one,b etween a humanistic 'il'early fabification of Bakuntn'S position by the leadership, oi; the League of Marx" and a deterministic "late Marx"—but,' also, in. the end, as Peace and Fwdom. After Bakunin withdrew fromihe League in 1868, unenlightening. 6oth suppositions'belong in'the dustbin of.hypotheses. the Leagued jolTrnareditdnalized:".. .'coliectivistn.'Whl^ was so very carefullx dis|inguished from communism', tannot lead lo.the equaliza For historical reasons, and also because contrast is a convenient tion of classes and indMduals any more4Sian can imlividualism itself, method' of clarification, it is nevertheless useful to conâr^ some of for the more collectivism isdinierentiated from commdnism, ihe more it Bakunin's ideas with tliose oflCar^M^rx- This Introduction attempts to tends to establish Inequality among groups, that is. among individuals belongingto different group8."(2^* Eiats-Unh rf fi/ropr [GenevaJ.no. suggest the fruitfulness both- of the evolutionary perspective and of the 39 [30 September 1868]: ISS.emp^^sis in the original,) IniHfc drawing Bakunin-Marx comparison. One hopes it will be clear, morbover, that the Goegft a leading nwêr of the League, and Balcunin arc shown trying ta fit into each'otheif's clothes. Source: Pittorino[pseud.], Cdngr^sdela Palx ^ Berne: Album (Geneva: Braun et Cle. for Ch.-T. Montaniar {1868]). i' 16 Introduction Introduction 17 two approaches are mutually complemernary and can, together vield interpretation of that existence. Having read Fichte, Bakunin was already useful insights. * ^ prepared to see, in concrete existence, the immanence of the Absolute. By the time Bakunin left Moscow in 1840, for the fount of idealist I phil6sophy in Berlin, he had translated into Russian the first of HegePs works to appear in that language (a series of lectures), and published an Bakunin first encountered philosophy through the romantic poems article expressing the orthodox Hegelianism that he .and Belinsky had and letters of Venevitmov, whose passion had been Schelling ^ At the propagated after Stankevich^ death. The sequel to that article, which suggîon of Nicholas Stankevich, "the bold pioneer who opened to remained unpublished until nearly a century later, suggested a new Russian thought the vast and fertile continent of German metaphysics direction by portraying man as the realization of the universal and whom he met in 1835. Bakunin read Kant's Critique of Pure Reason;s oon, transforming him into an instrument of Spirit, such that Spirit is in fact however, he turned to Fichte. He published a translation of the Lectures on animated by the activity of the individual human being in concrete reality.* the Vocation of the Scholar {iht first of the philosopher's works to appear Following the direction indicated by this way of thinking, Bakunin m Russian), and The Way to a Blessed Life became his favorite book found its limit by 1842, the year in which, under the pseudonym Jules Fichte's ideas gave Bakunin the inspiration for hU religious but extra- Elysard, his sensational article, "The Reaction in Germany," was pub ecclesiastical immanentism, and Bakunin^ Russian Orthodox upbringing lished. It marked the full transformation of the philosophical orthodoxy of provided the orînally Christian terminology in which this was expressed. his Moscow days into the most radical Left <Hegelianism. The conception An August 1836 letter to his'sisters strikingly illustrates this development- of the dialectic that Bakunin presents in this article animated his m it, Bakunin exhorts them to * revolutionary activities for the rest of his life. Neither his resolutely uncompromising attitude, nor his idea of social revolution as the total ... [I]et religion beco^ the basis and reality of your life and youra ctions, but let it be destruction and entire razing of the existing order, nor perhaps even his the pure and single-minded religion of divine reason and divine love, and not... that sej^conception, can be fully fathomed without an understanding of these relîon which strove todisassociate itself from everything that makes up thesubstance roots in German philosophy. and hfe of truly moral existence. ... Look at Christ, my dear friend;... His Ufe was divine through and through, full of self-denial, and He did everything for mankind For Hegel, the dialectic began with the thesis (the Positive), which was flndmg HIS satisfaction and His delight'in the dissolution of His material being negated, creating the antithesis, which was then in its turn negated, yielding .. .Bemuse we have been baptized in this world and are in communion with this the thîrd elemeht of the diatebtical triad: the synthesis. A» a negation of a heavenly tove, we feel that we are divine creatures, that we are free, and that we have negation, Hegel's synthesis represented the superposition of the Positive; been ordained for the eraWicipation of humanity, which has remained a victim of the Marx^ dialectic shares this basic feature. Bakunin, in his 1842 article, instmcttve laws of unconscious existence.... Absohite freedom and absolute love- that IS our aim; the freeing of humanity and the whole world—that is our purpose. ^ establishes the Negative, rather than the Positive, as the motive force of the dialectic. This aspect of Bakunin^ thought is important enough to deserve That there are "instinctive laws of unconscious existence" is a postulate of elaboration. the series of articles on "Physiological or Natural Patriotism^tha't Bakunin The contradiction between Positive and Negative was, to Bakunin, wrote as an anarchist, and which are translated here. This series also shows the long-lasting influence on Bakunin of Feuerbach, in the assumption that ... not an equilibrium but a preponderance of the Negative, which is its encroaching man progresses through history from animality to'humanity. dialîcal phase. The Negative^ as determining the life of the Positive itself, alone Uss than a year after Bakunin wrote this letter to hiss isters. Hegelian includes within itself the totality of the* contradiction, and so it alone has absolute terminology began to predominate in his style, though sometimes onlv Justiflcation.'" cloaking Fichtean ideas. At first the Positive appears restful, immobile. The Positive, in its inertia, not only contains nothing negative; it must also, furthermore, resist the Hnite man is separated from God. ... Such a man fears and even hates reality. But Negative and exclude the'Negative from itself in order to maintain its own that means he hates God and does not know Him. For reality is the will of God.* positive nature. But, Bakunin asserts, this exclusion of the Negative is Nevertheless, from such a point it was a short step to acquiesce in Hegel^ motion, and in ending its immobility tfie Positive becomes negative. If it dictum that ''the real is rational and the rational is real." The consistent subsequently denies the Negative, then it only denies itself. The "signif unity of Hegells system urged this acceptance, aided by the philosopher's icance and irrepfessible power" of the Negative, on the other hand. profound sense of concrete existence and abetted by his idealistic 18 Introduction Introduction 19 ... u tn the annihilation of the Positive; but along with the Positive it leads itself to Bakunin'S anarchist attitude toward political participation, one of the destruction as this evil, particular existence which is inadequate to itse ssence. ... The most salient questions of revolutionary tactics, reflects his refusal to Negative.. .existe only in contradiction to the Positive. Its whole being, its content compromise. He viewed acceptance of universal suffrage as participation and Its vitality are simply the destruction of the Positive." in the bourgeois world and hence compromise with it. In contrast to Bakunin, Marx and Engels encouraged proletarian participation in For Bakunin, the rôlution of the dialectical contradiction signifies the victory of the Negative. In this victory, both parties are vanquished; neither bourgeois politics. Believing the proletariat to be the class that would IS superposed on the other in the outcome. The Negative and the Positive inevitably comprise the vast majority of humanity, they had no complaint disappear, together and totally, in the final conflagration to which their about majoritarian balloting. Engels called the democratic republic "the struggle, leads. highest form of the State,** because it "officially knows nothing any more of In Marx's dialectic, as in Hegel^, the resolution of the dialectical property distinctions.** It was, he wrote, the only form of the State in which contradiction comprehends not only the destruction and transcendence of "the last decisive struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie can be thesis and antithesis but also their preservation: for Marx, one thing in fought out.**'' Said Engels contra Bakunin in 1871: particular which should survive the destruction of the existing social order IS the communitarian essence which, according to him. the State, despite its Complete abstention from political action is impossible. ... Liâng experience, the alienating aspect, expresses. In Bakunin's vision of the contradiction political oppression of the existing government compels the workers to occupy themselves with politics whether they like it or not, be it for political or for social goals. however, the Positive and the Negative mutually destroy one another,* leading to the transcendence of both but preserving nothing of either.T hus We want the abolition of classes. What is the means of achieving it?T he only means Bakunin,'in his revolutionary exhortations, foresees no aspect of existing is the political domination of the proletariat. society, based on the institution of the State, to survive,the universal insurrection. Bakunin believed, on the contrary, that the workers should strive to create Bakunin^ dialectic acquires-substantive meaning in his 1842 article, their future world in the very heart of the existing bourgeois world, when he sociomorphizes the Positive into social reactionaries and the alongside but altogether separate from it. As he explains below in his article Negative into social revolutionaries; and here his anarchist rejection of "On .Cooperation,** it was up to the workers themselves to create TOmpromise. with bourgeois opponents has its origin. The reactionaries. cooperative organizations, which would replace the erstwhile political Bakumn explains, are composed of two trends: the consistent ones and the distribution of goods and services with a more just social distribution of compromising ones. The consistent reactionaries flee from the present them. conflict by taking refuge in the past, although it is mistaken to believe that Establishing cooperatives was thus one tactic the workers could use in the histoncal totality of the past, .whicli existed before the emergence of the their struggle to resist the deleterious influences of the bourgeois world. rôlutionaiy movement, can be recreated. The compromising reactionaries, Another was the strike, which Bakunin discusses in "Geneva*s Double on the other hand, do not unconditionally reject the revolutionary Strike.** In a pamphlet he wrote in 1870, Bakunin argues that strikes movement: "... they maintain that two opposing trends are as such one facilitate the work of socialist-revolutionary propagandists. sided and therefore untrue; but, they argue, if the two members of the contradiction are untnie when taken abstractly in themselves, then the Strikes are necessary... to such an extent that without them it would be impossible to truth must lie m their middle, and so one must intercorrelate them to arrive rouse the masses to the social struggle, nor would it be possible to organize them. at the truth." Thus the compromisers wish to prohibit to the Positive the Strikes awaken, in the masses of the people, all the socialist-revolutionaiy instincts that reside deep in the heart of every worker... [and] when those instincts, stirred by act of excluding the Negative, thus they desire to rob the contradiction of the economic struggle, are awakened in the masses of the workers, who are arising Its vitaUty. The articles *Thq Hypnotizers" and Montagne and Mr. from their own slumber, then the propagation of the socialist-revolutionary idea CouUery," among others, find Bakunin inveighing against the bourgeois becomes quite easy. For that idea is simply the pure and faithful expression of the socialists—comproinising Positives—who wish to prohibit to the workers instincts of the people. If it does not correspond fully to their instincts, then it is the act of excluding the bourgeois world. The uncompromising revolu false;... if that idea represents the genuine thought of the people, then it will quickly and unquestionably take hold among the popular masses in revolt; and on^ it so tionaries, however, of whom Bakunin undoubtedly was one, are animated infusM the people, it will not hesitate to triumph in reality." by "the energy of [the contradiction^] all-embracing vitaUty " itself the source of the "pure fire" of the Negative, which, "through this storm of This "tlworetical propaganda of socialist ideas [is spread] among the destruction, powerfully urges sinful, compromisingsouls to repentance. masses** by "the Intemational[, which] prepares the elements of the