THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA THE AYURVEDIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA PART –I VOLUME- VI First Edition GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH & FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT OF AYUSH NEW DELHI 2008 II CONTENTS PAGE LEGAL NOTICE . . . . . . IX GENERAL NOTICE . . . . . . X PREFACE . . . . . . XIV INTRODUCTION . . . . . . XX CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES & INSTITUTIONS . . . XXVIII MONOGRAPHS 1. Ādārī (Lf.) Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. 1 2. ¡mragandhi-guggulu (Lf.) Balsamodendron caudata Mauch 3 3. Ara´ya-s¦ra´a (Tuber ) Synantherias sulvatica Schott Gen.Aocja 5 4. ¡r¢ro°a (Rz.) Maranta arundinacea L. 7 5. Asthi¨º¬khal¢ (Aerial Part) Cissus quadrangularis L. 9 6. Bh¦takeº¤ (Fr.) Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke 12 7. Bh¦takeº¤ (Rz.) Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke 14 8. B¤japatr¢ (Wh. Pl.) Adiantum cappillus- veneris L. 16 9. Bimb¤ (Lf.) Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt 19 10. Bimb£ (St.) Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt 21 11. B¨hat Dugdhik¢ (Wh.Pl.) Euphorbia hirta L. 23 12. B¨hat¤(Wh.Pl.) Solanum anguivi Lam. 26 13. Ca´aka (Wh. Pl.) Cicer arietinum L. 29 14. D¢ruharidr¢ (Fr.) Berberis aristata DC. 32 15. Dhava (Fr.) Anogeissus latifolia Wall. 34 16. Dhava (St. Bk.) Anogeissus latifolia Wall. 36 17. Dv¤p¢ntara Damanaka (Wh.Pl.) Artemisia absinthium L. 38 18. Dv¤p¢ntara ¹at¢var¤ (Rt.) Asparagus officinalis L. 41 19. Elav¢lukam (Rt.) Prunus avium L. 43 20. Elav¢lukam (St. Bk.) Prunus avium L. 45 21. Era´²akarka°¤ (Fr.) Carica papaya L. 47 22. Era´²akarka°¤ (Rt.) Carica papaya L. 49 23. Gandhaºiph¢ (Wh.Pl.) Pavonia odorata Willd. 51 24. Gr¤¾machatraka (Wh. Pl.) Mollugo cerviana Seringe 54 25. Gok¾ura (Wh. Pl.) Tribulus terrestris L. 56 26. Granthim¦la (Rz.) Alpinia calcarata Rosc. 59 27. Gulad¢ud¤ (Lf.) Chrysanthemum indicum L. 61 28. Haritama®jar¤ (Wh.Pl.) Acalypha indica L. 63 29. Hastiºu´²¤ (Wh. Pl.) Heliotropium indicum L. 66 30. Ind¤vara (Rz.) Monochoria vaginalis Presl 68 31. Jalakumbh¤ (Wh.Pl.) Pistia stratiotes L. 70 32. J¤vant¤ (Rt.) Leptadenia reticulata W.& A. 73 33. Ka´°ak¤gulma (Aerial Part) Lycium barbarum L. 75 34. Karaphs¢ (Rt.) Apium graveolens L. 78 35. Ka°ugulma (Wh.Pl.) Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. 80 36. Keºar¢ja (Wh. Pl.) Wedelia calendulacea Less non Rich 83 37. Ketak¤ (Stilt Rt.) Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. 86 38. K¤°am¢r¤ (Lf.) Aristolochia bracteata Retz. 88 39. Kum¢r¤vetra (Rz.) Calamus thwaitesii Becc. 90 40. Kusumbha (Fr.) Carthamus tinctorius L. 92 41. Kusumbha (Lf.) Carthamus tinctorius L. 94 42. Kusumbha (Fl.) Carthamus tinctorius L. 96 III 43. Laghu Haritamanjari (Rt.) Acalypha fruticosa Forsk. 99 44. Laghupatra-var¾¢bh¦ (Wh.Pl.) Trianthema decandra L. 101 45. Lohitaniry¢sa (Exd.) Dracaena cinnabari Balf. f. 104 46. M¢dhav¤ (Fl.) Hiptage benghalensis L. 106 47. Matsyapatrik¢ (Wh.Pl.) Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f. 108 48. Med¢ (Rz.) Polygonatum cirrhifolium Royle 111 49. N¢d¤hingu (Exd.) Gardenia gummifera L. f. 113 50. N¢h¤ (Wh.Pl.) Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal. 115 51. Nikocaka (Kernel) Pinus gerardiana Wall. 118 52. Panasa (Rt. Bk.) Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. 120 53. Papa°ah (Rt.) Pavetta indica L. 122 54. Par´ayav¢n¤ (Lf.) Coleus amboinicus Lour. 124 55. Patra snuh¤ (Latex) Euphorbia nivulia Buch.- Ham. 127 56. Pi´²a Tagara (Rz.) Asarum europaeum L. 129 57. P¤ta-ka®can¢ra (Fl.) Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. 131 58. Rakta Citraka (Rt.) Plumbago indica L. 133 59. Roh¤taka (St.Bk.) Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. 135 60. ¹¢la (Ht. Wd.) Shorea robusta Gaertn. 137 61. ¹¢laparni (Wh.Pl.) Desmodium gangeticum DC. 139 62. ¹am¤ (Lf.) Prosopis cineraria Druce 142 63. Saurabhanimba (Lf.) Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng 145 64. ¹itiv¢raka (Sd.) Celosia argentea L. 148 65. ¹iva-n¤l¤ (Rt.& St.) Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC. 150 66. ¹le¾m¢taka (Fr.) Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. 152 67. ¹le¾m¢taka (St. Bk.) Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. 154 68. ¹l¤pad¢rikanda (Tuber) Typhonium trilobatum Schott 156 69. Sphitak¤°¢r¤ (Rz.) Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 158 70. Sp¨kk¢ (Wh. Pl.) Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims 160 71. Sruvav¨k¾a (Fr.) Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. 163 72. Sth¦lael¢ (Fr.) Amomum subulatum Roxb. 165 73. ¹ukan¢s¢ (Rz.) Corallocarpus epigaeus Benth.ex Hook. f. 167 74. ¹veta Vetasa (Lf.) Salix alba L. 169 75. Takkola (Fr.) Illicium verum Hook. f. 171 76. Tinduka (Fr.) Diospyros peregrina Gurke 173 77. Tr¢yam¢´¢ (Rz.) Gentiana kurroo Royle 175 78. Tripak¾¤ (Wh. Pl.) Coldenia procumbens L. 177 79. Tuvaraka (Sd.) Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) 180 Oken 80. ¥¾and¤ (Wh.Pl.) Glinus lotoides L. 182 81. Vajr¢nna (Lf.Base) Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.f.) Stapf & 185 C.E. Hubb. 82. Valuka- saka (Lf.) Gisekia pharnaceoides L. 187 83. Vanya-aºvagola (Lf.) Plantago lanceolata L. 189 84. Vetra (Rz.) Calamus rotang L. 191 85. Visanika (Wh.Pl.) Pergularia daemia (Forsskal) Choiv. 193 86. V¨ant¢mlaphala (Fr. Rind) Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. 196 87. V¨ºcikakanda (Rz.) Doronicum hookeri C.B.Clarke 198 88. D¢rusit¢ Taila (Cinnamomum Oil) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume 200 89. Gandhap¦ra Patra Taila Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. 202 90. Gogh¨ta (Clarified Cow’s Butter) - 204 91. Guda (Jaggery) Saccharum officinarum L. 206 92. Jala (Potable Water) - 208 93. Karp¦ra (Natural Camphor) Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & 210 IV Eberm. and Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke 94. Lavanga Taila (Clove Oil) Syzygium aromaticum Merril & Perry 212 95. Madhu (Honey) Apis sps. 214 96. Peppermint- Satva (Menthol) Mentha sps. 216 97. Śarkar¢ (Sugar) - 218 98. Sarsapa Taila (Mustard Oil) Brassica campestris L. 220 99. Tailapar´a Taila (Eucalyptus Oil) Eucalyptus globulus Labill 222 100. Tila Taila (Sesamum Oil) Sesamum indicum L. 224 101. Yavani Satva (Thymol) Thymus vulgaris L. and Trachyspermum 226 ammi (L.) Sprague APPENDIX-1 1.1 Apparatus for Tests and Assays 230 1.1.1. - Nessler Cylinder 230 1.1.2. – Sieves 230 1.1.3. – Thermometers 231 1.1.4. - Ultra- Violet Lamp (For general purposes & for chromatography work) 231 1.1.5. - Volumetric Glass War 231 1.1.6 - Weights and Balances 231 1.1.7 - Muslin Cloth 232 APPENDIX -2 2.1 Tests and Determinations 233 2.1.1.- Microscopic identification 233 2.1.2. – Microscopical Methods of Examining Crude Vegetable Drugs 236 2.1.3. – Types of Stomata 239 2.1.4. – Determination of Stomatal Index 240 2.1.5. – Determination of Palisade Ratio 240 2.1.6. – Determination of Vein-Islet Number 241 2.1.7. – Determination of Stomatal Number 242 2.2 Determination of Quantitative Data 242 2.2.1.-Net Content 242 2.2.2.-Foreign Matter 242 2.2.3.-Determination of Toatal Ash242 2.2.4.-Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash 242 2.2.5.- Determination of Water Soluble Ash 243 2.2.6. Determination of Sulphated Ash 243 2.2.7.- Determination of Alcohol Soluble Extractive 243 2.2.8.- Determination of Water Soluble Extractive 243 2.2.9.-Determination of Ehter Soluble Extractive (Fixed Oil Content) 243 2.2.10.- Determination of Moisture Content ( Loss on Drying) 243 2.2.11.- Determination of Water Insoluble Matter 244 2.2.12. -Determination of Volatile Oil in Drugs 244 2.2.13. Special Processes Used in Alkaloidal Assays 245 2.2.13.a. – Continuous Extraction of Drug 245 2.2.13.b. – Tests for Complete Extraction of Alkaloids 245 2.2.14.-Thin- Layer Chromatography (TLC) 246 V 2.2.15.-Starch Estimation (Mont Gomery, 1957) [Spectrophotometric method] 248 2.2.16.-Sugar Estimation (Mont Gomery,1957)[Spectrophtometric method] 248 2.2.17.-Fatty Oil Estimation 249 2.2.18. –Test for Argemone Oil (Mustard Oil) 249 2.2.19.- Test for the Presence of Cottonseed Oil(Halphen Test) 249 2.2.20. –Test for Clove Oil- Alkali- Soluble Matter 249 2.2.21. –Test for Eucaluptus Oil 249 2.2.22. –Determination of Acidity 250 2.2.23. -Protein Estimation (Lowry et al., 1951) 251 2.2.24.- Method for Alkaloid Estimation 251 2.2.25.- Determination of Esters 251 2.3. Limit Tests 252 2.3.1.- Limit Test for Arsenic 252 2,3,2.- Limit Test for Chlorides 256 2.3.3.- Limit Test for Heavy Metals 256 2.3.4.-Limit Test for Iron 259 2.3.5.- Limit Test for Lead 259 2.3.6.-Limit Test for Sulphates 261 2.3.7.-Heavy Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectorphotometry 261 2.3.8. –Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Mercury and Copper 263 2.3.9.-Determination of Calcium Oxide 266 2.4. Microbial Limit Tests 266 2.4.1.- Total Aerobic Microbial Count 275 2.4.2.- Tests for Specified Miicro-Organisms 277 2.5. Pesticide Residue 280 2.5.1.- Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Pesticide Residues 282 2.5.2.- Test for Pesticides 283 2.5.3.- Quantitative Analysis 284 2.6. Gas Chromatography 286 2.7. Test for Aflatoxins 288 VI APPENDIX-3 3.1. Physical Tests and Determinations 290 3.1.1. Refractive Index 290 3.1.2. Weight Per Millimetre and Specific Gravity 290 3.1.3. Determination of pH Values 291 3.2. Determination of Melting Range and Congealing Range 291 3.2.1.- Determination of Melting Range 291 3.2.2.- Determination of Congealing Range 293 3.2.3.- Determination of Boiling Range 294 3.3. Determination of Optical Rotation and Specific Optical Rotation 296 3.4. Determination of Viscosity 297 3.5. Determination of Total Solids 298 3.6. Solubility in Water 298 3.7. Determination of Saponification Value 298 3.8. Determination of Iodine Value 298 3.9. Determination of Acid Value 298 3.10. Determination of Peroxide Value 298 3.11. Determination of Unsopanifiable Matter 301 3.12. Detection of Mineral Oil (Holde’s Test) 301 3.13. RancidityTest (Kreis Test) 301 3.14. Determination of Reichert Meissl And Polenske Value 301 3.15. Determination of Alcohol Content 301 APPENDIX- 4 4.1. Reagents and Solutions 307 VII APPENDIX-5 5.1. Chemical Tests and Assays 336 5.1.1.- Estimation of Total Phenolic 336 5.1.2.- Estimation of Total Tannins 336 5.1.3.- Estimation of Sugars 336 5.1.3.1.-Reducing sugars 337 5.1.3.2.- Total sugars 337 5.1.3.3.- Non-reducing sugars 337 5.1.4.- Feihe’s Test 338 5.1.5.- Aniline Chloride Test 338 5.1.6.- Determination of Sulphur Dioxide 338 5.1.7.- Determination of Total Reducing Sugars, Sucrose and Fructose-Glucose 340 Ratio 5.2. Estimation of Curcumin by TLC Densitometer 341 5.2.1.-Determination of Aluminium 342 5.2.2.- Determination of Borax 343 5.2.3.- Determination of Calcium 343 5.2.4.- Determination of Copper 343 5.2.5.- Determination of Iron 344 5.2.6.- Determination of Magnesium 345 5.2.7.- Determination of Mercury 345 5.2.8.- Determination of Silica 345 5.2.9.- Estimation of Sodium and Potassium by Flame Photometer 345 5.2.10.- Determination of Sodium Chloride 346 5.2.11.- Determination of Sulphur346 5.2.12.- Qualitative Reactions Some Radicals 346 APPENDIX - 6 6.1. Weights and Measures 349 6.1.1. –Metric Equivalents of Classical Weights and Measures 349 6.2. – Metric system 350 APPENDIX - 7 7.1. Classical Ayurvedic References 351 INDEX 388 English Equivalents of Ayurvedic Cllinical Conditions and Diseases Monographs published in Volume – I 435 Monographs published in Volume – II 437 Monographs published in Volume – III 439 Monographs published in Volume – IV 441 Monographs published in Volume – V 443 VIII LEGAL NOTICES In India there are laws dealing with drugs that are the subject of monographs which follow. These monographs should be read subject to the restrictions imposed by these laws wherever they are applicable. It is expedient that enquiry be made in each case in order to ensure that the provisions of the law are being complied with. In general, the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 (subsequently amended in 1964 and 1982), the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930 and the Poisons Act, 1919 and the rules framed thereunder should be consulted. Under the Drugs & Cosmetics Act, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.), Part-I, Vol.VI, is the book of standards for compound drugs included therein and the standards prescribed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol.VI, would be official. If considered necessary these standards can be amended and the Chairman of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee authorised to issue such amendments. Whenever such amendments are issued the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-I, Vol. VI, would be deemed to have been amended accordingly. IX GENERAL NOTICES Title - The title of the book is “Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India”. Wherever the abbreviation A.P.I. is used, it may be presumed to stand for the same and the supplements thereto. Name of the Drugs - The name given on the top of each monograph of the drug is in Sanskrit as mentioned in the Ayurvedic classics and/or in the Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I and Part-II will be considered official. These names have been arranged in English alphabetical order. The Latin name (taxonomical nomenclature) of each drug as found in authentic scientific literature has been provided in the monograph in the introductory paragraph. The official name will be the main title of the drug and its scientific name will also be considered as legal name. Introductory Para - Each monograph begins with an introductory paragraph indicating the part, scientific name of the drug in Latin with short description about its habit, distribution and method of collection, if any. Synonyms - Synonyms of each drug appearing in each monograph in Sanskrit, English, Hindi, Urdu and other Indian regional languages have been mentioned as found in the classical texts, Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part- I and Part-II as procured from the experts, scholars of Ayurveda and officials in the field from different states. Italics - Italic type has been used for scientific name of the drug appearing in the introductory paragraph of each monograph as also for chemicals and reagents, substances or processes described in Appendix. Odour and Taste - Wherever a specific odour has been found it has been mentioned but the description as ‘odourless’ or ‘no odour’ has in many cases been avoided in the description, as large numbers of drugs have got no specific odour. The “odour” is examined by directly smelling 25 g of the powdered drug contained in a package or freshly powdered. If the odour is discernible the sample is rapidly transferred to an open container and re-examined after 15 minutes. If the odour persists to be discernible, it is described as having odour. The “Taste” of a drug is examined by taking a small quantity of 85 mesh powder by a tip of moist glass rod and applying it on tongue previously rinsed with water. This may not be done in case if poisonous drugs, indicated in monograph. Mesh Number - Wherever the powdering of the drug has been required the sieve “Mesh Number 85” has been used. This will not apply for drugs containing much oily substance. Weights and Measures - The metric system of weights and measures is employed. Weights are given in multiples or fractions of a gramme (g) or of a milligram (mg). Fluid measures are given in multiples or fractions of millilitre (ml). When the term “drop” is used, the measurement is to be made by means of a tube, which delivers in 20 o drops 1 gram of distilled water at 15 C. o Metric measures are required by the Pharmacopoeia to be graduated at 20 C and all measurements involved in the analytical operations of the Pharmacopoeia are intended, unless otherwise stated to be made at that temperature. Identity, Purity and Strength - Under the heading “Identification” tests are provided as an aid to identification and are described in their respective monographs. X