LLooyyoollaa UUnniivveerrssiittyy CChhiiccaaggoo LLooyyoollaa eeCCoommmmoonnss Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1932 TThhee AAttttiittuuddee ooff tthhee PPrreessss TToowwaarrdd AAnnddrreeww JJoohhnnssoonn Ralph W. Tolson Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Tolson, Ralph W., "The Attitude of the Press Toward Andrew Johnson" (1932). Master's Theses. 397. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/397 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1932 Ralph W. Tolson The Attitude of the Press toward .A.ndl!ew Johnson. w. Ralph Tolson "A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degzee of Master of Arts in Loyola University", Ma.y.31,1932. VITA. Graduated from the high sohool at Moweaqua, Illinois, 19!2. Received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois, 1927. Graduate student in Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, duzing the year of 1931-1932. PRE?ACE This study of the reconstruction era of American history is based primarily upon editorials from the leading newspapers published during that period. out of the multitude of facts which may be considered within the domain of reconstruction time, those have been selected which seem best fitted to ex- 1 plain the more outstanding political, constitutional and leg- 1 islative developments. The editorials necessarily follow a natural chronological sequence as the national events developed from day to day. Therefore, events have been grouped into five chapters according to chronological order. An attempt has been made to give proper unity to the entire study and also to stress Negro Suffrage, Radical politics, and the leading issues which ultimately changed the course of American History. It is admitted that sectionalism and political color found their way into the editorial pages, but in answer to this the reader is reminded by one writer that " the periodical press still remains the most important single source the historian has at his command for the reconstruction of the life of the 1 past three centuries". James Ford Rhodes has a well known his- tory of the reconstruction era, and his opinion regarding evi dence is of value to us here. He writes,"take the newspaper for what it is, a hasty gatherer of facts, a hurried commentator on the same, and it may well constitute a part of historical 1. Lucy Maynard Salmon, The Newspaper and the Historian, oxtord, 1923,p. 491. 2 evidenoe". In this study, newspaper material constitutes the fundamen tal part of the historical evidence. However, this has been balanced by the use of two standard historical texts, those by Oberholtzer and Rhodes, and use has been made of general sec ondary works, reminiscences, biographies 811ld a small amount of manuscript source material. A combination of these sources re sults in a view both of public opinion and individual ideas. The idea throughout has been to seoure views froa both sides, and in the absence of very much Southern material, it has been necessary to use a considerable amount of Northern Democratic opinion. The Northern papers have been selected from a group of cities in different states with the hope that a comprehensive view might be obtained. In a work like this it is impossible to evaluate material properly without recognizing some of the leading personalities oonneoted with the writing. Editorial writing reached its eli max in Ameriaa during this era under the guidanoe of suoh writ ers as E. L. Godkin, George William Curtis, Horace Greeley, Henry Raymond, and others included in our study. Oswald 1~. Villard of The Nation remarks,"we have a steady waning of in dividualism in the daily periodical, marked first by the dis appearanae of the great editor'iihose personality formerly 2. James Ford Rhodes, "The Newspac,r. as Historical Sourcesr Atlantio Monthlz, y,19o9. p. 65o. 3 shown through its pages". There can be no doubt that these men exerted great influence during their time and for this reason their opinions are of value in reconstructing the story of national events from 1864 to 1868. Both Oberholtzer and Rhodes have used considerable periodical material from these writers in their standard volumes on reconstruction. Concerning them Frederic L. Paxson has stated, "Their differences in point of view are wide, but between them they cover most of the impor- 4, tant facts". American history developed rapidly after Civil War days into what F. L. Paxson oalls"the New Nation". It has been the aim of this study to show some of the movements which lead to the change. Probably no other period shows the absurd lengths to which our two-party system may be carried,9r the possible dis aster for our nation in depending upon political organization such as now exists. Even the Constitutional basis of the ex- ecutive, legislative and Judicial departments was seriously endangered during Johnson's time. Andrew Johnson ie presented here as one of the leaders, and no attempt has been made either to justify or condemn his part in national events. When his aame was forgotten following the impeachment trial, all attention was turned to the Democratic Convention in New York City. America was now facing'' new era. 3. Oswald G. Villard, The Press Today, New York, 1930, p. 47. 4. F.L. Paxson, Recent History o? the United States, New York, 1921~ p. 19. CONTENTS CHAPTER I The Beginning of a Second National Crisis causes of Johnson's accession-- The Union Convention of 1864- Lincoln and public opinion--Political expediency--The slavery issue--Johnson's past record--First signs of reconstruction- Lincoln's plan criticized--Demand joint action of Congress and President--Sectional feeling in pulpit and press--Defecti•e primary system--Negro suffrage as a political issue--Signs of trouble in the Cabinet--Attention turns to Congress. CHAPTER II Reconstruction Started Presidential power and the pe,ople--Lincoln and radical opinion --stanton's suggestion--Johnson's proclamation--Republican caucus, May 12, 1865--Negro suffrage as chief issue--The Lin coln-Johnson plan arouses antagonism--Southern editors create impression of disloyalty--Johnson's plan hangs in the balance- Public and Congressional opinion--Relation between President and Cabinet--An optimistic press--Prearranged plans in Congress --Private letters from the South--Presidential plan attacked- A lack of genuine Southern evidence--Editorials predict a harmonious reconstruction. CHAPTER III A Test of Power unavoidable conflict--sectionalism predominates in Congress- veto Of Freedmen's Bureau Bill--A disastrous speech--Radicals plan to force their issue--Part ot the press remains loyal to Johnson--An unnecessary veto--Editorial opinion makes its first complete change against the President--Conciliation now impossi-le--New Orleans riots arouse public sentiment--Johnson appeals to the people--Some harmful speeches--No reconstruct tion without negro suffrage--severe denunciations--The South loses hope--A radical victory. CHAPTER IV Congressional Domination Negro suffrage inevitable--The District of Colambia Bill--An ineffective veto--Congress and the Supreme Court--Impeachment as a possible solution--Stevens' plan dominates- ~construction Dissension in the Cabinet--Tenure-of-Office-Act---Stevens and confiscation--Fundamental arguments--Divided public sentiment- New England versus the South--stanton removed--Impeachment and politics--A powerless Executive--The Copperheads denounce Johnson--The Impeachment seems nnneae~sary. cm!PTER V Senatorial Justice and a New Era A national financial crisis--Cpngress severely criticized- Opposition to Johnson unabated--Cost of the Congressional plan -Publio opinion and impeachment--Senatorial justioe--A party problem--An attempt to control the Supreme Court--Acquittal of Johnson--A new era. our seventeenth President rose to power through the success of one assassin and the failure of another. Booth removed Lin coln, while his accomplice, Atzerodt, failed to eliminate Johnson, and the result was a Tennessee Democrat elected on a Union Party ticket, attempting to deal with a Republican Con gress. If the immediate cause of his accession was assassina tion, then a more remote and significant one is the Baltimore Convention held on June 7, 1864, where the Republican Party made an effort to unite antagonistic sections to save an elec tion. Lincoln realized that a Union sentiment required a Union Party, and to complete this idea he sent General Daniel Sick les to investigate the war record of Andrew Johnson with the 1 idea of placing him on the ticket if acceptable. Although it is obvious that a Tennessee candidate would probably have been an advantage, yet from the standpoint of polities there was another very real reason why Johnson was finally nominated. The fundamental motive at this point was the removal of Will s. iam H. Sewazd from the cabinet to make way for Daniel Dick inson. The New York delegation brought about Johnson's nomina- 2 • tion at Baltimore to save This defeated Sumner of Se~4. w. 1. Robert Winston, Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot, lew York, 1928, p. 254. 2. Ibid., P• 256 • ............ .. 2- 3 Massachusetts whose intention it was to oust Seward, and may be looked upon as a definite basis of antagonism between John son and Sumner when the two clashed later. Loyal Republican journals of 1864 emphasize the lack of wis dom in changing during a crisis, and a universal belief in the capacity of Lincoln. !he Washington Chronicle said, A~raham "lhe Presidency came to him by a apeoial Jrovidence, and he 4 has moved in the right path from the beginning"; and again, "He has shown the devotion of washington and the energy of 5 Jackson". General opinion in the North acclaimed him"as a man in the chair more universally acceptable by all odds, than ~ 6 could hope to elect from without", and tended to believe that 7 "God meant Lincoln for President or the nation is deceive4". Democratic opinion varied from this idea in maintaining that "it was not even necessary to hold a Convention, for Mr. Lin coln had long since re-nominated himself. Now that he has ao- 8 cepted, the farce of his nomination ends". Even though the stress of war days was sufficient to elicit some degree of united action, it was not powerful enough to remove sectional ism, and the Democrats saw little hope in placing their confi- 3. George F. Milton, The tfe of Hate, New York, 1930, p. 37. 4. The Washington Chronic e, Jan. 2, 1864. Washington D.C. 5. !bid., Jan. 2, 1864. 6. ~ChiC!§O Daily Tribune, Jan. 5, 1864. Chicago, Illinios. 7. Ibid. 8. Times, May 2, 1864. Chicago, Illinois. ~Chicago