An Atlas of World Affairs The economic, social and environmental systems of the world remain in turmoil. Recent years have seen possibly irrevocable change in the politics of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Entirely revised and updated, the eleventh edition of An Atlas of World Affairs describes the people, factions and events that have shaped the modern world from the Second World War to the present day. International issues and conflicts are placed in their geographical contexts through the integration of nearly one hundred maps. The political context provided for current events will be invaluable to all those uncertain about the changing map of Europe and Africa, conflicts in the Middle East, and the appearances in the headlines and on our television screens of al-Qaeda, Chechnya, the Taliban, Mercosur, Somaliland, Kosovo, AIDS, OPEC and Schengenland. Critical new issues are covered, including the war on terrorism, nuclear proliferation, European Union expansion, and the pressing environ- mental concerns faced by many sovereign states. This edition provides guidance through all these recent changes (and many more). This book offers up-to-date coverage of all regions in great detail. It contains an object- ive and concise explanation of current events, combining maps with their geopolitical background. It provides a clear context for events in the news, covering the Middle East, Korea, China, the European Union, east Africa and every other part of the world. Revised and in print since 1957, An Atlas of World Affairs continues to provide a valuable guide for the student, teacher, journalist and all those interested in current affairs and postwar polit- ical history. Andrew Boyd began his acquaintance with international affairs in 1946, when as a British liaison officer he attended the very first sessions of the United Nations (his other books include three about the UN). He travelled widely and reported on international affairs while writing on world affairs for The Economist for 37 years. Joshua Comenetz has used cartographic methods to visualize spatial data and explain the causes and effects of international conflicts, demographic change and natural disasters since 1990. As a consultant he has solved problems in areas ranging from political redistricting to ethnic and religious mapping, and he has taught international relations and geography at university level. (cid:2) An Atlas of (cid:3) World Affairs (cid:4) Eleventh edition Andrew Boyd and Joshua Comenetz First published 1957 by Methuen & Co. Ltd Second edition 1959 Third edition 1960 Fourth edition 1962 First published by Methuen as a University Paperback (fifth edition) 1964 Sixth edition 1970 Seventh edition 1983 Reprinted 1985 First published by Routledge (eighth edition) 1987 Reprinted 1989, 1990 Ninth edition 1991 Tenth edition 1998 Eleventh edition published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library,2007. “To purchaseyourown copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 Andrew Boyd and Joshua Comenetz All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-96752-6 Mastere-bookISBN ISBN10: 0–415–39168–7 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–39169–5 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–203–96752–6 (ebk) ISBN-13: 978–0–415–39168–9 (hbk) ISBN-13: 978–0–415–39169–6 (pbk) ISBN-13: 978–0–203–96752–2 (ebk) To Andrew Andrew Boyd first brought An Atlas of World Affairs to our shelves in 1957. Through ten revised editions, it has become canonical for students, teachers, journalists and anyone with an interest in postwar politics and current affairs. His comments on the ever-changing political, economic, social and environmental systems of the world can be accused of nothing but honesty, without a hint of bias. In between writing An Atlas of World Affairs and many other works of a similar genre, he excelled as a journalist for The Economist and was a fantastic father and grandfather. It was only true to his nature that he bowed out after ten editions, claiming in sublime modesty that he was not well enough to continue with another edition. Andrew Boyd sadly passed away in January 2003, but will forever be remembered on both a personal and professional basis as a talented and extraordinary gentleman. Written by Claire (cid:2) (cid:3) Contents (cid:4) Foreword ix 1 People and Pressure 1 2 Economic Groupings 5 3 Energy 8 4 Nuclear Geography 12 5 Sea Law 17 6 No Longer Three Worlds 20 7 United Nations 23 8 Terrorism 27 9 Commonwealth 30 10 Europe: East and West 33 11 Atlantic Alliance 36 12 European Unities 39 13 Germany 44 14 Central and Eastern Europe 47 15 Former Yugoslavia, Albania 51 16 Former Soviet Union 55 17 Russia 58 18 Baltic to Black Sea 61 19 Caucasus 64 20 Ex-Soviet Central Asia 67 21 Scandinavia 71 22 Northern Seas 73 23 Minorities and Micro-States 76 24 Ireland 80 25 Gibraltar 82 26 Cyprus, Greece and Turkey 84 27 Asia and Africa 86 28 Islam 89 29 The Arab World 92 30 Africa 94 31 Southern Africa 97 32 Central Africa 99 33 Angola and Namibia 102 34 Republic of South Africa 105 viii Contents 35 Sudan and the Horn of Africa 108 36 East Africa 111 37 Nigeria and Guinea Coast 114 38 Ex-French Africa 117 39 North Africa 120 40 Morocco and Western Sahara 123 41 Middle East and North African Oil 125 42 Suez and Indian Ocean 128 43 Israel and Arabs I 131 44 Israel and Arabs II 135 45 Lebanon and Syria 140 46 Arabia 143 47 Gulf States and Iran 146 48 Iraq’s Wars 150 49 Kurds 154 50 Afghanistan 156 51 South Asia I 159 52 South Asia II 162 53 Himalayas, Tibet, Burma 165 54 China and Russia 168 55 China and Other Neighbours 171 56 Taiwan 173 57 Hong Kong and Macau 175 58 Japan 177 59 Korea 180 60 South-East Asia 183 61 Indochina 186 62 Cambodia 189 63 Malaysia and Singapore 191 64 Indonesia and New Guinea 193 65 Australia and New Zealand 196 66 South Pacific 199 67 America and the Pacific 202 68 United States of America 205 69 Canada 208 70 Mexico 211 71 Central America, Caribbean, Cuba 213 72 Colombia and Panama 217 73 East Caribbean, Guianas, Venezuela 220 74 Latin America 222 75 Argentina and Falklands 226 76 Antarctic 230 77 Arctic 232 Tables 234 Related Information Sources 237 Index 239 (cid:2) (cid:3) Foreword (cid:4) The world changed dramatically in the past decade. The ‘war on terror’ replaced interstate war and focused attention on the Middle East. Nuclear proliferation brought Iran, North Korea, Pakistan and India into the headlines. The US invaded Afghanistan and Iraq, war engulfed central and eastern Africa from Congo to Sudan, and Somalia collapsed. East Timor broke away from Indonesia, as did Montenegro from Serbia (and Kosovo sought to do the same). China absorbed Hong Kong and rose as high as second place in the world economic ranking; India aimed to follow. The European Union grew to include 27 nations, and NATO expanded into eastern Europe, both incorporating the former Baltic republics of the Soviet Union. This revised edition of An Atlas of World Affairs provides guidance through all these recent changes (and many others). An Atlas of World Affairs was first published in 1957. The first edition’s foreword included this passage: Anyone who tries to set down some of the complexities of this changing world in simple form is indebted to the pioneer work of Mr J. F. Horrabin. The admirable simplicity of his pre-war Atlas of Current Affairs is hard to emulate nowadays ... But, like Mr Horrabin’s, this is still ‘an exercise in the art of leaving out’. Fifty years on, in the face of ever-increasing complexity, the aim is still to select what is relevant, and to explain a changing world’s problems with the aid of simple maps and brief notes. Notes For the sake of brevity, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is usually called Britain; the Netherlands is called Holland, and so on. The United States of America may be America, the US or the USA. The former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics may be the Soviet Union or the USSR. The European Union, formerly the European Community, appears as the EU or the EC. Distances are expressed in miles. One mile is roughly 1.61 kilometres. One nautical mile is roughly 1.85 kilometres. To convert square miles into square kilometres, multiply by 2.59. The ton and the metric tonne are roughly equivalent. There are about seven barrels of oil in a ton. An italic number in brackets – e.g. (68) – is a cross-reference. The number refers to a section and its accompanying map or maps, not to a page. So do the entries in the index.