Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2021 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/atlanticworldhisOO00unse The Atlantic World The Atlantic World: A History, 1400—1888 Douglas R. Egerton Le Moyne College Alison Games Georgetown University Jane G. Landers Vanderbilt University Kris Lane College of William and Mary Donald R. Wright State University ofN ew York at Cortland WILEY Blackwell A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2007. ©2007 Harlan Davidson, Inc. Harlan Davidson, Inc. was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in May 2012. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Atlantic world : a history, 1400-1888 / Douglas R. Egerton ... [et al.]. pcm, ISBN-13: 978-0-88295-(a2lk4. 5p-ap1er ) 1. History, Modern. 2. Civilization, Modern. 3. Atlantic Ocean—History. I. Egerton, Douglas R. D210.A78 2007 9 09'.09821—dc22 2006030404 Cover photograph: A replica of Christopher Columbus's ship, Nina. Credit AP Photo/The Ledger Independent, Terry Prather. Cover design: Chris Calvetti, c2itgraphics. Ned Oe Table of Contents Introduction -< | Method...4 Selected Readings...6 Chapter One Conceptualizing the Atlantic World << 9 The Atlantic and Its Continental Boundaries...13 Atlantic People in 1450...17 Europeans...19 Africans...22 Americans...24 Geographic Constraints and Cultural Divergences...30 Selected Readings...37 Chapter Two The Roots of an Atlantic System, 1100-1492 «z 4 Europeans and Sugar in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic...44 Into the Atlantic...49 Sub-Saharan States and Empires...54 Portugal's “Guinea of Cape Verde”...58 Lower Guinea and the Kongo...64 The North Atlantic. ..66 An Age ofT erritorial Expansion: The Empires oft he Western Atlantic...68 Selected Readings...75 Chapter Three Iberians in America, 1492-1550 + 77 The Spanish in the Caribbean...81 The Portuguese in Brazil...88 Spanish Mainland Expeditions...92 Spanish Expansion into South America...101 Establishing Spanish Rule...104 Spain’s Advancing Frontiers... 109 Selected Readings...112 vi sxszszx_—- Table of Contents Chapter Four European Rivalries and Atlantic Repercussions, 1500-1650 -= 115 A Fractured Unity...117 » Taking Quarrels out of Europe...129 The Western Atlantic: Entrepreneurs, Pirates, and Trading Posts...131 North Atlantic Settlements...138 Undermining Spain: Africa and Commerce...142 The Rise of the Dutch...143 Selected Readings...147 Chapter Five Labor, Migration, and Settlement: Europeans and Indians, 1500-1800 -~= 149 Indian Labor Systems...150 European Laborers and Migrants...161 Settlements...168 Plantations...173 Family Settlement and Religious Migrations...178 Selected Readings...183 Chapter Six The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas, 1580-1780 - 185 Appetites for Sugar—and Labor...187 Captives and Trade Goods in Africa...191 The Middle Passage...197 Slavery in the Americas...202 Maroon Settlements and Slave Revolts...208 Selected Readings...213 Chapter Seven Trade in the Atlantic World, 1580—1780 217 Urban and Regional Transformations...218 The Cultures of Consumption...228 Transformations in Africa in the Wake of the Slave Trade...240 Selected Readings...251 Chapter Eight Racial and Cultural Mixture in the Atlantie World, 1450-1830 +e 255 The Atlantic’s New People...256 Africa’s Coastal Cosmopolitans...258 Cultural Transformations in the Western Atlantic. ..263 European and African Ethnicities me in the Western Atlantic...266 Indigenous Responses and Cultural Innovations. ..271 Table of Contents -sss Vil Free People of Color...278 Selected Readings...288 Chapter Nine The Atlantic Shrinks: War, Reform, and Resistance, 1689-1790 <~ 291 Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Warfare and Its Consequences...293 Total War...296 The Regional Impact of Warfare...298 War, Peace, and Geographic Ignorance...303 An Age of Imperial Reform. ..305 Resistance and Rebellion. ..315 Selected Readings...320 Chapter Ten The First Imperial Rupture, 1754-1783 323 The Nine Years’ War...325 The Reshaping of the Americas...331 British Imperial Reform and Anglo-American Political Culture...334 The War Widens...341 Declaring Independence and Building Republics. ..343 Loyalists: Red, White, and Black...348 More Atlantic Repercussions...353 Selected Readings...357 Chapter Eleven Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: The Season of Irony, 1789-1804 <= 361 What is That in Your Hand?...362 Where Does It Bloom?...365 The Tricolor in Black and White...365 The Reign ofT error...371 Washington's Dilemma...372 The Thermidorian Reaction...375 The Haitian Détente...377 The Revolutions of 1800 and 1804?...385 Selected Readings...389 Chapter Twelve The Ebb and Flow of Empire, 1804-1830 << 391 Independence: Northern South America...395 Independence: The Southern Cone...399 Independence: New Spain...405 Independence: Brazil...410 British Triangulation and Neoimperialism...414 Atlantic Africa...416 sx-sxsz_~‘ Table of Contents The Monroe Doctrine...419 The Panama Congress...422 Selected Readings...425 Chapter Thirteen Industrialism and a New Imperialism, 1780-1850 “az 427 Mercantile Capitalism Transformed...427 The Market Revolution and the American South...430 Thomas Jefferson: Unwitting Industrial Promoter...434 An Army of Redressers...439 Migration in an Industrial Age...441 Economic Neo-Colonialism...447 Atlantic Africa: New Exports, Cheap Imports, Heightened Dependence...452 Selected Readings...458 Chapter Fourteen Abolishing Slavery in the Western Atlantic, 1750-1888 ~< 461 Abolition: The Early Years...462 Abolition by Law...468 Stopping the Slave Trade...473 The End of Slavery in Europe and the Americas...476 Abolition and Africa...482 Labor in the Post-Emancipation Period...485 Reconfiguring the Global Process...491 Selected Readings...493 Index - 494 Special Topics Atlantic Distance and Time... 11 The Day of the Dead...124 Maps and Our Sense ofT hings... 12 Enclosure...128 Transatlantic Voyages before 1492...25 Pirates...133 Spices oft he East?...44 The Fur Trade...139 Dependent on Wind for Propul- Promotional Literature... 166 sion...50 Who was Pocahontas?...174 Ecological Imperialism...52 What's In a Name?...176 Early Iberian Slavery...59 Holy Women...180 Food, Commerce, Consumption, and The Slave Trade and Numbers...186 Catholicis.m..6 7 The Atlantic Slave Trade and His- Captives...79 tory...190 Man’s Best Friend? War Dogs and the Warfare and Slave Trading: Chicken or Spanish Conquest of America...85 Egg?...193 Pero Vaz de Caminha’s Letter to the In Exchange for Slaves...194 King of Portugal...88 Confusing Slavery with Cotton...205 American Food Crops in Eurasia...91 Down the Road to Underdevelop- Tenochtitlan...95 ment...221 The Legend of El Dorado...108 Atlantic Drugs and Popular Music...228