THE ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION TO JAPANESE MUSIC ‘An excellent companion for anyone who wants to know about Japanese music whether it is a court, religious, theatrical, folk or popular genre. It is filled with the results of current research by Japanese and Western specialists and enriched with extensive examples in notation and on audio tracks. The book opens a new era in Japanese music studies.’ –William P. Malm, University of Michigan, USA ASHGATE RESEARCH COMPANION The Ashgate Research Companions are designed to offer scholars and graduate students a comprehensive and authoritative state-of-the-art review of current research in a particular area. The companion’s editor brings together a team of respected and experienced experts to write chapters on the key issues in their speciality, providing a comprehensive reference to the field. The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music Edited by ALISON M(cid:1104)QUEEN TOKITA DAVID W. HUGHES First published 2008 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Alison McQueen Tokita, David W. Hughes and the contributors 2008 Alison McQueen Tokita, David W. Hughes and the contributors have asserted their moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Tokita, Alison, 1947– The Ashgate research companion to Japanese music. – (SOAS musicology series) 1. Music – Japan 2. Music – Japan – History and criticism 3. Music – Japan – Western influences 4. Music – Social aspects – Japan I. Title II. Hughes, David W., Dr III. Research companion to Japanese music 780.9’52 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Ashgate research companion to Japanese music / edited by Alison McQueen Tokita and David W. Hughes. p. cm. — (SOAS musicology series) Includes bibliographical references (p.), audio/videography (p.), and index. ISBN 978-0-7546-5699-9 (alk. paper) 1. Music—Japan—History and criticism. I. Tokita, Alison, 1947– II. Hughes, David W., Dr. ML340.A84 2007 780.952—dc22 2007009652 ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-5699-9 (hbk) This book is dedicated by all the authors to our many teachers – both musicians and academics – who have helped us to understand, appreciate and love the music of Japan. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of figures ix List of musical examples xiii List of tables xvii Stylistic conventions xix Foreword and acknowledgements xxi List of contributors xxiii 1 Context and change in Japanese music 1 Alison McQueen Tokita and David W. Hughes 2 Court and religious music (1): history of gagaku and shōmyō 35 Steven G. Nelson 3 Court and religious music (2): music of gagaku and shōmyō 49 Steven G. Nelson 4 The musical narrative of The Tale of the Heike 77 K(cid:1116)(cid:1114)(cid:1116)(cid:1105)(cid:1102) Haruko 5 The Kyushu biwa traditions 105 Hugh de Ferranti 6 Nō and kyōgen: music from the medieval theatre 127 F(cid:1122)(cid:1111)(cid:1110)(cid:1121)(cid:1102) Takanori 7 The shakuhachi and its music 145 T(cid:1120)(cid:1122)(cid:1112)(cid:1110)(cid:1121)(cid:1102)(cid:1115)(cid:1110) Tsuneko 8 Sōkyoku-jiuta: Edo-period chamber music 169 Philip Flavin 9 Gidayū-bushi: music of the bunraku puppet theatre 197 Y(cid:1102)(cid:1114)(cid:1102)(cid:1105)(cid:1102) Chieko 10 Music in kabuki: more than meets the eye 229 Alison McQueen Tokita 11 Popular music before the Meiji period 261 Gerald Groemer (cid:1121)(cid:1109)(cid:1106) (cid:1102)(cid:1120)(cid:1109)(cid:1108)(cid:1102)(cid:1121)(cid:1106) (cid:1119)(cid:1106)(cid:1120)(cid:1106)(cid:1102)(cid:1119)(cid:1104)(cid:1109) (cid:1104)(cid:1116)(cid:1114)(cid:1117)(cid:1102)(cid:1115)(cid:1110)(cid:1116)(cid:1115) (cid:1121)(cid:1116) (cid:1111)(cid:1102)(cid:1117)(cid:1102)(cid:1115)(cid:1106)(cid:1120)(cid:1106) (cid:1114)(cid:1122)(cid:1120)(cid:1110)(cid:1104) 12 Folk music: from local to national to global 281 David W. Hughes 13 The music of Ryukyu 303 Robin Thompson 14 The music of the Ainu 323 C(cid:1109)(cid:1110)(cid:1103)(cid:1102) Nobuhiko 15 Popular music in modern Japan 345 Christine Yano and H(cid:1116)(cid:1120)(cid:1116)(cid:1112)(cid:1102)(cid:1124)(cid:1102) Shūhei 16 Western-influenced ‘classical’ music in Japan 363 Judith Ann Herd Bibliography 383 Audio/Videography 421 Contents of accompanying compact disc 427 Index 433 viii List of figures* 3.1 Wind instruments: ryūteki, komabue, kagurabue, hichiriki, shō 51 3.2 String instruments: biwa and koto 51 3.3 Percussion instruments: kakko, shōko, taiko 53 3.4 Tablature for winds and strings for opening of Goshōraku no Kyū 54 3.5 Traditional notation for opening of Tendai Ōhara branch Shichi no Bongo 75 3.6 Traditional notation for opening of Shingon Buzan branch Shichi no Bongo 76 4.1 Biwa hōshi 79 4.2 Biwa hōshi 79 4.3 Portrait of Ogino Kengyō 81 4.4 Scalar structure of heike 83 4.5 Structure of the heike biwa 92 4.6 Plectra of heike biwa and gakubiwa 93 4.7 Heike biwa tuning and pressure points 93 4.8 The sawari fret as it relates to the four strings 96 4.9 Section of Heike Mabushi score from Suzuki 97 4.10 Biwa notation: kudoki 99 5.1 An ensemble performance by members of the Asahi school of chikuzen-biwa 107 5.2 Fumon Yoshinori, Seiha school of satsuma-biwa 107 5.3 Nagata Hōjun, a Jōrakuin sect mōsō of Nobeoka City 108 5.4 Murakami Mansaku (known as Manshan), blind biwa-hiki of the Tamana region of Kumamoto Prefecture 109 6.1 Utaibon libre(cid:308)o: notation used by singers (Kanze School edition) 132 * The Publisher acknowledges that the quality of certain figures is not perfect, but this is the best that could be achieved from what was supplied.